Venezuela

Sarah Nilsson, PhD, JD

36 Venezuela

Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band. The flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830. Yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence. The seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence. In 2006, then President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc – a decision that sparked much controversy – to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the historic province of Guayana.

Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Map courtesy of CIA World Factbook

Google Earth

The Twin Towers of Parque Central, the 60-story skyscrapers that for decades have been architectural icons of Caracas. The West Tower opened in 1979 and the East Tower in 1983; until 2003 they were the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America.

Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Venezuela is a member of ICAO.

Last updated on March 11, 2025

According to Britannica, the Venezuelan constitution of 1999 prescribes a government based on republican, democratic, and federalist principles. Citizens age 21 and older are eligible to vote. All males have had this right since 1872, but universal suffrage was not instituted until 1946. The government is divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. During the period 1961–99, the constitution prescribed a government led by a directly elected president, who served a single five-year term, as well as a popularly elected bicameral legislature and a multitiered judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court. As economic difficulties mounted during the 1980s and ’90s, so, too, did criticism of political corruption. In 1999 Hugo Chávez Frías, the newly installed president, pushed for radical reforms, and a constituent assembly was soon elected to draft a new constitution; it was adopted by referendum in December of that year. The constitution was modeled on that of the Fifth French Republic. It fundamentally changed the executive and legislative branches by granting heightened powers to the president and reorganizing the legislature into a unicameral assembly; it also reformed the judiciary system, promised to expand personal liberties, formally acknowledged the rights of indigenous peoples, and changed the country’s name from Republic of Venezuela to Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Executive power is vested in the president, who serves a six-year term and is eligible for reelection. As is typical among Latin American nations, the president wields a greater amount of power than either the judicial or legislative branches of government. In addition to acting as the head of state, the president is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president appoints an executive vice president and a Council of State, the members of which act as advisers and ministers.

The unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) consists of 167 members (deputies) who are popularly elected through a combination of proportional and direct representation, including three deputies elected by the nation’s indigenous peoples. Deputies serve five-year terms. The National Assembly creates laws, authorizes national expenditures, approves treaties, designates foreign ambassadors, and serves numerous other functions. Under certain circumstances the president may dissolve the assembly.

Civil and human rights are protected by an independent judiciary that is organized nationally, with no autonomous state courts. At the highest court level is the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia), which adjudicates civil, criminal, and political cases. Its members are nominated by a civil commission and appointed to 12-year terms by the National Assembly. Venezuelans generally enjoy a high degree of individual liberty, but protests have grown over the lack of equal civil and human rights protection for the nation’s indigenous population.

The country is divided into 23 states and the federal district, which includes Caracas. Each state is headed by a directly elected governor and has a legislative assembly. The assemblies are unicameral bodies composed of representatives from each of the state’s districts. The federal district is administered by a mayor, and the day-to-day administration of local affairs elsewhere in the country is the responsibility of municipal councils and directly elected mayors.

Translations

Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!

APPLICATION FOR CANCELLATION OF AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION
(CMA-07-90-0018-V5)

Instructions:
1. On the website: www.inac.gob.ve select Procedures / Aircraft / Registration National/Assignment of Enrollment there you will find the format “Request for Cancellation Aircraft Registration Form”, download it to your computer through Adobe Acrobat, fill it out, print it out and sign it. In order to carry out the procedure, the presence of the
duly authorized legal representatives or attorneys-in-fact.

2. Go to the User service ticket office of the National Aeronautical Registry, located in the British Insurance Tower, 3rd floor from 8:30 AM to 12:00 PM and 1:30 PM to 4:00 PM. Organize the documents referenced in the form, in a fiber folder, size oficio, brown color, with separators between each document, without identification, or labels
attached to it.

3. After the evaluation of the documentation, an Order will be prepared Administrative that contains the cancellation of the Venezuelan registration, likewise it will be notified by letter to the applicant and an administrative message will be sent through the AFTN network notifying the cancellation of the registration to all airports in the country.

4. The process is carried out within seven (7) business days from the date of receipt of the request.
NOTE: In the case of change of use of the aircraft and/or nationalization of the same, the applicant
must additionally comply with the requirements set forth in sections 47.17 (Reservation of
Registration) and 47.18 (Assignment of Registration) of the Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 47 (RAV 47)

Translations

Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!

APPLICATION FOR THE ISSUANCE OF A NEW AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE
(NCM-07-90-0030-15)

Instructions:
1. On the website: www.inac.gob.ve, select Procedures/Aircraft/Registration National/Assignment of Matriculation, there you will find the form “Request for Issuance of New Aircraft Registration Certificate”, download it to your computer through Adobe Acrobat fill it out, print it and sign it. To carry out the procedure, it is essential to presence of duly authorized legal representatives or attorneys-in-fact.

2. Go to the User service ticket office of the National Aeronautical Registry, located in the British Insurance Tower, 3rd floor from 8:30 AM to 12:00 PM and 1:30 PM to 4:00 PM. Arrange the documents referenced in the issuance request form again aircraft registration certificate, in a fiber folder, legal size, brown, with separators between each document, without identification, or labels attached to it.

3. The Aircraft to which the registration of remotely piloted aircraft will be requested must be solvent (aviation rights) with the Aeronautical Authority.

4. The process is carried out within five (5) business days from the date of receipt of the request.
NOTE: The National Aeronautical Registry, at the time of submitting the application, will verify the developed in Section 47.18 paragraphs (b) and (d) of the Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 47 (RAV 47), in the cases that the request for issuance of the New Registration Certificate corresponds to the Transfer of Ownership and in all other cases the validity of the use contracts of the aircraft that request the issuance of the new registration certificate.

Translations

Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!

APPLICATION FOR SPECIAL AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE
(CEM-07-90-0013-07)

Instructions:
1. On the website: www.inac.gob.ve select Procedures / Aircraft / Registration National/Assignment of Enrollment there you will find the format “Certificate Request Aircraft Registration Special”, download it to your computer through Adobe Acrobat fill it out, print it and sign it. In order to carry out the procedure, the presence of the duly authorized legal representatives or attorneys-in-fact.

2. Go to the User service ticket office of the National Aeronautical Registry, located in the British Insurance Tower, 3rd floor from 8:30 AM to 12:00 PM and 1:30 PM to 4:00 PM. Organize the documents referenced in the form, in a fiber folder, size oficio, brown color, with separators between each document, without identification, or labels attached to it.

3. The Aircraft to which the registration of remotely piloted aircraft will be requested must be solvent (aviation rights) with the Aeronautical Authority.

4. The process is carried out within ten (10) business days from the date of receipt of the request.
NOTE: The National Aeronautical Registry, at the time of submitting the application, will verify the developed in Section 47.18 paragraphs (b) and (d) of the Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 47 (RAV 47), in the cases that the request for issuance of the New Registration Certificate corresponds to the Transfer of Ownership and in all other cases the validity of the use contracts of the aircraft that request the issuance of the new registration certificate.

Translations

Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!

INSTRUCTIONS TO REQUEST THE OPERATOR CERTIFICATE OF AERIAL WORK SERVICES CARRIED OUT WITH AIRCRAFT REMOTELY PILOTED (RAV 130)

To start the Aerial Work Services Operator Certification process carried out with Remotely Piloted aircraft, submit the following documents:
1. Form of liquidation of the aeronautical rights, by concept of Certification of Aerial Work Service Operators.
For information on the data of the bank accounts of this institute, access the System Integrated Aeronautical Management Procedures (SITGA), through the page: www.inac.gob.ve.
(Read User Manual).

2. Collect the documents for the process:
– Application form “Application Certificate of Operator of Services of Aerial Works carried out with Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)”, available on the Institute’s website, thirty (30) days in advance for your aerial work operations with RPA class 1 and class 2, and for RPA class 3 and class 4 ninety (90) days from the date on which operations are intended to begin, unless otherwise specified.
– Constitutive Act and last assembly act of the company duly registered in the National Aeronautical Registry.
– Proof of registration of the RPA before the National Aeronautical Registry or in its default Provisional Certificate of RPA registration
– RPA ownership document registered with the National Aeronautical Registry.
– Fiscal Information Registry (RIF)
– Copy of the airworthiness certificates of the RPAs (if applicable).
– Documents of management and technical personnel (medical certificates and licenses issued by the aeronautical authority).
– Insurance policy certified by the aeronautical authority.
– Document that demonstrates that the air operator has at least one (01) RPA owned or at your disposal.
– Company Labor Bond
– Performance Bond (if applicable)
– Lease Agreement, registered before the National Aeronautical Registry (if applicable)
– RPA maintenance documents or contracts.
– Risk assessment report.
– RPA Operator Operations Manual (MOE).

Planning and Budget Office/Organization and Quality Management
September 2017
– RPA Flight Manual.
– Written request addressed to the Aeronautical Authority (INAC) where it specifies the details and the type of aerial work to be carried out.
– Aviation Security Measures in Operations with RPA.

3. Organize all documents in a brown clip-on folder, labeled the company, with their respective identified separators, in the order indicated in the numeral 2, and 3 of these instructions. Consign it in the Initial Meeting that will guide the INAC with the company.

4. Go to the INAC Air Transport General Management reception, located in the British Insurance Tower, floor 3 from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. PM and from 1:30 PM to 4:00 PM, with documentation.

Translations

Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!

Venezuelan legislation on Piloted Aircraft a Distance (RPAS)

Affair – Changes in the legal framework established by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in order to regulate the authorizations of Piloted Aircraft to Distance (RPAS) within Venezuelan airspace.

Summary – This report refers to the good practices developed by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in terms of progress in the development and application of the rules and regulation of the use of Piloted Aircraft to Distance within the national territory.

Introduction – The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, as a member State of the Organization of International Civil Aviation and signatory to the Chicago Convention, amended a series of Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulations, in accordance with the document 10019, Manual on Remotely Piloted Systems, which emanates of the International Civil Aviation Organization. In order to establish a control and order of operations related to remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) within the national territory. The initiative by the Venezuelan State to update the regulations on this issue arose by virtue of the broad potential that these aircraft have, as well as the development that their technology can provide in
various sectors such as agriculture, primary health care, industrial inspections and aerial photography.
In this sense, the Venezuelan State harmonized, in December 2016, the following Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulations (RAV) 5, 21, 39, 45, 47, 60, 67, 91, 130, 141, 273 and 281, in order to include regulatory provisions that, from a
integral and uniform point of view, regulate the operations that can be carried out with this type of aircraft, ensuring that safety is promoted operational from an orderly and efficient point of view. To this end, the modifications and additions are presented below made to the Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulations (RAV) with the purpose of regulate the use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).

Licenses and training – Regarding the preparation and knowledge that pilots must have and RPA observers, it is stipulated through RAV 60 and 67, that they must obtain an RPA pilot license, fixed wing or rotary wing and have an instruction minimum that certifies that they have knowledge about these operations and are used safely, thus ensuring operational safety. For exercise functions as aeronautical personnel, the person must be the holder of the aeronautical license and possess the corresponding Aeronautical Medical Certificate in force, when applicable, and in no case may it perform functions other than those attributed in the license or qualification. It is important to note that RPA licenses will be valid for 3 years. (RAV 60) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 60. (Personnel Licenses Aeronautical)
RAV 60 proposes to establish clear rules and provisions on how to obtain the respective licenses to carry out aeronautical activities, which vary from pilot an airplane or an RPA, up to those standards to be an air traffic controller; seeking to harmonize the recommendations emanating from ICAO, in a way safe and orderly, in accordance with the principles of civil aeronautics.
The following types of licenses are established for the use of RPA, namely:
– Fixed Wing RPA Pilot License and Rotary Wing RPA Pilot License.
Requirements:
(a) Be at least eighteen (18) years of age.
(b) Have passed an advanced Fixed Wing or Rotary Wing RPA course (depending on whatever the case), theoretical and practical, in an Aeronautical Instruction Center certified by the Aeronautical Authority, within six (6) months
preceding the date of application.
(c) Have completed at least fifty (50) hours of Fixed Wing flight, according to the programmatic content approved by the Aeronautical Authority.
(d) Possess a valid Class 4 Medical Certificate.
(e) Have approved the corresponding theoretical and practical evaluation, applied by the Aeronautical Authority or in whom it delegates.
– Fixed Wing and Rotary Wing RPA Flight Instructor License.
Requirements:
(a) Be at least twenty-one (21) years of age.
(b) Hold a Fixed Wing or Rotary Wing RPA Advanced Pilot License, according to the case.
(c) Have a minimum experience of one hundred (100) total flight hours as Pilot in Command in the RPA model in which he aspires to provide instruction.
(d) Evidence of having approved a theoretical and practical course of Instructor of RPA flight in the model for which the license chooses, in a Center of Aeronautical Instruction certified by the Aeronautical Authority, within the six (6) months preceding the request.
(e) Pass a theoretical and practical evaluation applied by the Authority Aeronautics or whoever she delegates, in the model in which she aspires to teach instruction.

(RAV 67) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 67. (Standards for the granting of the Aeronautical Medical Certificate)
To perform functions as aeronautical personnel related to the operation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), the person must be the licensee aeronautics and possess the corresponding current Aeronautical Medical Certificate, when applicable, and in no case may it exercise functions other than those attributed on the license or rating.
The aeronautical medical certificate may be of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th class, according to determine the respective medical evaluation and are classified as follows:
Class 1 medical certificate, applicable to: Commercial pilot licenses plane, helicopter, ultralight and free balloon.
Class 2 medical certificate, applicable to: Airplane private pilot licenses or helicopter, with or without IFR rating or that opts for a valid course for apply for the IFR rating.
Class 3 medical certificate, applicable to: Traffic controller license air, aeronautical station operator license
Class 4 medical certificate, applicable to: Aircraft Operator Pilot License Remotely Piloted Aircraft RPA.

(RAV 141) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 141 (Instruction Centers Aeronautics)
In RAV 141, authorization rules were established for Instruction Centers Aeronautics (CIA), in order to teach RPA courses, and the qualification of remote pilots of basic and advanced flights. Setting up a study Distance Pilot minimum and the requirements for the training center and RPA pilot training.
Before starting the certification process to opt for a certificate of operation of Aeronautical Instruction Centers and/or Training Center of Aviation the applicant must:
Establish a company whose purpose is the training of crewmembers
Flight, Cabin Crew, Flight Dispatchers, Technicians in Aircraft Maintenance, RPA Operators and other specialties
aeronautical.
Possess their own or leased facilities which must be available for inspection and evaluation.
Possess the instructional equipment (aircraft, simulators, instruction, emergency kits, maps, manuals, RPA) required
for the courses you wish to offer.
Possess didactic material and instructional aids (video beam, blackboards, guides, manuals).
Have management personnel and instructors with the qualifications, competencies and attributions described in the RAV for which you are applying.
Prepare an Instruction and Procedures Manual as indicated by the RAV under which you wish to be certified.

Record
(RAV 47) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 47 (Aeronautical Registry National)
In the RAV 47 prevention, control and inspection policies are created, in order to provide an electronic registry with data of aircraft owners with trademarks of Venezuelan nationality, including a facial record of the same, for the
reliable identification of persons. The Aeronautical Authority incorporated the Chapter C corresponding to the procedures for the registration or registration of RPA in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela which must be presented
before the National Aeronautical Registry (RAN) including the format published in INAC web page with the following data:
1. Identification of the applicant.
2. Identification of the owner(s), operator(s) or possessor(s) legitimate(s).
3. Identification of the aircraft by color, make, model and hull serials, of engines and propellers, when applicable.
4. Condition in which the RPA is held as the legitimate owner or possessor.
5. Type of RPA or classification according to RAV 21 (private, commercial or recreational).
6. Condition of entry of the aircraft into the country.
Said request must contain the following annex:

1. One (01) simple copy of the ownership document, pro forma invoice, or the contracts for the use of RPA or affidavit of possession of the property.
2. One (01) color and legible photograph of the team, printed on paper size officio and another where the manufacturer’s serial is evident (in case apply).
3. One (01) copy of the identity card and the Information Registry Prosecutor (RIF) of the applicant, as well as the owner, legitimate possessor or aircraft operator.
4. If the applicant or owner is a foreigner and does not reside in the country, he must present one (01) copy of the current passport and in the event that the owner, legitimate possessor or operator is a legal person, he must present one (01) copy of the identity card and the RIF of your legal representative and mercantile company.
5. One (01) copy of the Third Party Liability Policy.
6. Declaration of use of the RPA according to the content of RAV 45, which will serve to qualify for a technical inspection appointment if warranted according to its use, to tuition assignment.
7. Certificate of payment for the Aeronautical Right of assignment of tuition.
8. Then, the RAN will assign the date for carrying out the inspection of technical conformity, for the purpose of validation according to the classification of RPA established in RAV 21 if you opt for a Registration certificate or a
assigning a license plate.
The RAN will have ten (10) business days to analyze the consigned collections and proceed to:
1. Issue proof of registration with the RAN and its owner or operator, affix to the aircraft the plate with the owner’s identification and the assigned code.
2. Then, the applicant (owner or operator) must process their condition of airworthiness according to its classification and use that will have the validity of three (3) years.

Function and responsibilities of the exploiters. – The operator of an RPA must make the “Application for Certificate of Operator of Aerial Work Services carried out with Remotely Piloted Aircraft”, and deliver the following documents to the Aeronautical Authority:
1. Articles of Incorporation and last meeting minutes of the company duly registered in the National Aeronautical Registry (RAN).
2. Proof of registration of the RPA before the RAN.
3. Document ownership of the RPA before the RAN.
4. Fiscal Information Registry (RIF)
5. Copy of the airworthiness certificates of the RPAs (if applicable)
6. Documents of management and technical personnel (medical certificates and licenses issued by the aeronautical authority)
7. Insurance policy certified by the aeronautical authority.
8. Labor Bond of the company
9. Performance Bond (if applicable)
10. Leasing contract, registered with the RAN (if applicable)
11. RPA maintenance documents or contracts.
12. Risk assessment report.
13. RPA Operator Operations Manual (MOE)
14. RPA Flight Manual

15. Written request addressed to the Aeronautical Authority (INAC) where specify the details and type of aerial work to be performed.
16. Aviation Security Measures in Operations with RPA.

Operations manual – The operations manual of operators who operate remote aircraft must contain instructions and requirements for personnel to perform their functions safely, namely:
1. Organization and responsibilities;
2. Safety management system;
3. Operational control system;
4. Composition of the crew;
5. Crew qualifications, flight time limitations, and service;
6. Flight and duty time limitations;
7. Normal flight operations;
8. Weather limitations;
9. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs);
10. Emergency Operations;
11. MEL procedures (if applicable);
12. Considerations about accidents and incidents;
13. Record keeping;
14. Training program for aeronautical technical personnel;

(RAV 21) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 21 (Procedures for the Certification of Products and Components)
The owner of a class 1, 2 and 3 RPA for recreational, commercial or private use must consign the RPA statement of design characteristics, these are designated in Section 21.92 (RPA Design General Characteristics Statement).
For class 4 RPA, the requirements of Chapter B must be met of this regulation (Type Certificate) which establishes the requirements of the procedures of a motor and propeller aircraft.

Function and responsibilities administrators of air space. – They were established in RAV 91 and 281 containing the operational limitations that must be fulfilled by all those RPA that do not have a commercial use, indicating that they are aimed at guaranteeing safety operational and prevent collisions or interference between these aircraft and those that are manned.

(RAV 91) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 91 (Flight Rules and overall operation)
1. Operation requirements and flight rules were established within the national territory for the RPA, carrying out private operations, recreational or aerial work, taking into account the RPA classes.
2. Limitations are established to operate RPA in controlled airspace, without class distinction, and the Aeronautical Authority may authorize deviations, previous study of the operation.
3. The responsibility of the remote pilot is determined, who holds the direct control of the RPA, in accordance with the flight rules, being able to leave to follow them in case you consider that it is necessary for safety.

(RAV 281) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 281 (Air Regulations)
1. Creation of Chapter F “Operations of Aircraft Systems Piloted to Distance (RPAS)”
2. Modification of Section 281.58 “generalities” covering persons natural and legal, that operate or intend to operate a System of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPAS) according to the parameters set by your class
3. Refusal to operate in prohibited, restricted or dangerous areas, established in the e-AIP/Venezuela.
4. Operation of RPAS during official hours between sunrise and sunset. Sun, Visual Flight Meteorological Conditions (VMC), except with authorization of the Aeronautical Authority for night flights under the Rules of Instrument Flight (IFR)
5. Responsibility in relation to the RPA according to its limitations.
6. Responsibility in case of incidents, accidents or damages to third parties
7. Verification of NOTAM that could affect the operation of RPA
8. Ability to perform automated RPA flights
9. Do not operate at a distance greater than the line of sight of the pilot, nor move further than 450 meters of horizontal distance from the pilot.
10. The RPA operation will not exceed 400ft (122 meters) except authorization from the Aeronautical Authority.
11. Do not operate on a person at a height of less than 150ft (46 meters)
12. Operate at a distance of at least 5NM from any controlled airport or military air base, 5NM from any uncontrolled airfield, 3NM from any heliport, the authority may authorize special work in air traffic coordination

(RAV 273) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 273 (Information Services Aeronautics and measurement units used in Operations Air and Land).
Chapter E was added to RAV 273 (Operations of Aircraft Piloted to Distance (RPA) that includes the applicability to any natural or legal person that operates or intends to operate an RPA, subject to the transit provisions service of the Air Navigation Services.

Function and responsibilities Regards of regulation and industry and Classification
(RAV 21) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 21 (Procedures for the Certification of Products and Components)
Chapter K was included for remotely piloted aircraft for recreational use, commercial or private. Given the versatility of RPAs, their purpose and design, these could be subject to various technical regimes, for which reason a positive discrimination in relation to the weight of the aircraft. Said classification It can be found in Chapter K of RAV 21, section 21.91 and consists of:
a) Class 1 Mini RPA
b) Class 2 Light RPA
c) Class 3 Light RPA
d) Class 4 Heavy RPA

RPA Classification

(RAV 45) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 45 (Product Identification, Mark of Nationality, Registration and use of Aircraft)
1. The use of RPA was defined in accordance with the permits granted by the Aeronautical Authority, being the possible uses:
recreational.
Private.
Commercial.
2. An identification label was established for its RPA identification, the which will display the label, brand, model and serial number of the RPA, nationality and registration, the physical properties and characteristics requested by the Aeronautical Authority and a digital reading format that allows its check. This is established in Section 45.3 RAV 45 “It may set a plate or label, so that it is visible, near the entrance or the main compartment, or it will be fixed so that it protrudes in the outside of the aircraft if there is no entrance or main compartment.
Except when the airworthiness provisions and the performance of the aircraft allow this identification; in these cases the Registry National Aeronautical will establish the parameters to be applied”
3. The letter R is assigned to the RPA, thus maintaining the policy of the Chicago Convention, in accordance with annex 7 (Marks of Nationality and Aircraft Registration) to establish letters of the alphabet for the aircraft.
4. The use of RPAs is highlighted, regarding the performance of aerial work, in accordance with the RAV 130.

Multiplicity of functions and uses of the RPAs
(RAV 91) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 91 (Flight Rules and General Operation)
For the purposes of the RAV, recreational flying is understood to be those developed by natural or legal persons using RPA aircraft, for exclusively sports, recreational or competition.
Class 1 and 2 RPA operations for recreational purposes do not require express authorization of the Aeronautical Authority, but they will comply with the operating rules of Chapter I of RAV 91.
Class 3 and 4 RPA operations for recreational purposes require authorization from the Aeronautical Authority and will comply with the rules of operation of Chapter I of RAV 91.
The authorization required for recreational operations of RPA class 3 or class 4, will be submitted in attention to the security and risks of the proposal.

(RAV 130) Venezuelan Aeronautical Regulation 130 (Air Work)

Aerial work can be carried out by RPA and these can be paid or free in accordance with article 77 of the Civil Aeronautics Law Venezuelan. “Aerial work is any specialized service other than transport commercial air transport carried out through the use of aircraft, can be paid or free and requires the Certificate issued in accordance with the standards techniques.
In order to carry out any paid aerial work, it is required, in addition to the operator permit granted by the Aeronautical Authority, which is carried out by Venezuelan companies, unless there are none in the country or established in the International Agreements where the Republic is a signatory.”
1. Any certificate to carry out aerial work with RPA will be delivered RPAS certificate (ROC), valid for three years.
2. Appendix H is included, which establishes the operational rules and certification that all RPA operators must comply with, who wish to do aerial work. During the RPA certification process, operators must deliver the operational specifications, indicating skills, capacities, amount of RPA and what is allowed in its operations.
You must submit the application form to the Aeronautical Authority, with 30 days in advance for RPA class 1 and class 2, and 90 days with RPA of class 3 and class 4 before starting operations, payment of rights that correspond, and submit the following documents:
1. Constitutive act and last assembly act of the companies.
2. Proof of registration of the RPA before the RAN.
3. Copy of the airworthiness certificate, if applicable.
4. Documents that qualify the personnel.
5. Copy of the insurance policy.
6. Documents proving ownership of at least one RPA or its lease.
7. Document that demonstrates that the required tasks will be carried out for the maintenance of an RPA.
8. Risk assessment reports with their dangers and mitigants, of the work you intend to do.
9. Submit an evaluation of the technical documentation.
10. Presentation of application to the Aeronautical Authority that explains details of the work to be done.
11. Documents that demonstrate compliance with the customs regime.
12. Consign technical and operational documents of the work to be carried out.

Principles and approaches to Security Operational
The ICAO in terms of RPAS has made efforts to regulate its use in order to that can operate in accordance with instrument flight rules (IFR), in controlled spaces. Line-of-sight operations can be considered as less relevant for the global harmonization of international aviation.
Section 3.1.9 of Annex 2 stipulates that remotely piloted aircraft must be used in such a way as to reduce the danger to persons, property or other aircraft and in accordance with appendix 4.
To this end, the regulation of these aircraft at the national level was integrated into the framework existing normative that regulates the aeronautical system, with the purpose of not affect the operations of conventional aircraft.

RPA operations are classified, according to security measures respective, in the following:
VLOS operations
VLOS operations are those in which the remote pilot or observer of RPA maintain direct eye contact and without digital visual aid from the RPA or telescopes and binoculars. The pilot or observer must maintain continuous vision and
without obstructions in order to maintain separation and avoid collisions. Must take place in weather conditions that allow you to keep your distance and avoid other risks. Any other obstacle that prevents detection must be secured
visual.
VLOS operations are at relatively short distances with respect to the pilot and low altitudes related to RPA conspicuity and possible intruders in the line of sight. The pilot must maintain contact with the observers of the RPA, other remote pilots and, if necessary, with the unit local ATC.
Operations over densely populated areas should consider:
a) Altitudes for safe operation;
b) Consequences of uncontrolled landings;
c) Obstacles;
d) Proximity to airports or emergency landing fields;
e) Local restrictions regarding the operation of RPAS over the area;
f) Emergency termination of the RPA flight.
Remote Pilot-in-Command (PIC) functions
Pilot in Command (PIC) is the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during the flight time, is responsible for the RPA and RPS, for the leg of respective flight assigned by the operator and remote PIC transfer, must be carried out in accordance with the arrangement of procedures established by the operator and approved by the State. The remote PIC is responsible for the termination of the flight in the event that such measure is considered, are also
responsible for updating all documents for the respective tranche of the flight.
Remote flight crew members at gas stations.
RPS members must be present during the flight, except for perform functions with the operation or for physiological reasons, if there is only one pilot on the flight should have a relief pilot in case he is absent.

Requirements and limitations
Requirements – Limitations and requirements are created for the RPA flight that will guide the adequacy and compliance with the standards and recommended methods, issued of the International Civil Aviation Organization, to achieve uniformity with the national aeronautical regulations, in order to promote the development of aviation in a safe, orderly and efficient manner

For RPA for recreational or observer use (Class 1):
1. Over 13 years of age with a certificate of approval of the RPA course carried out in an Aeronautical Instruction Center (CIA), with the endorsement of INAC (Only for Class 1)
2. The holder must carry with him any license or certificate of approval of the RPA course and current Medical Certificate.
3. The holder of a license or qualification related to the RPA will exercise the functions described there.
For operators of Classes 2, 3 and 4 for commercial purposes or recreational:
1. RPA Pilot License, in Fixed Wing or Rotary Wing.
For Fixed Wing in all its classes and uses, except Class 1:
-Older than 18 years-old.
-Approve Fixed Wing RPA Advanced Course, theoretical and practical, taught by a Center of Aeronautical Instruction (CIA), 6 months prior to the date of the request.
-Having reached a minimum of 50 hours of Fixed Wing flight according to the content programmatic.
-Possess Medical Certificate, Class 4, Valid.
-Approve the theoretical-practical evaluations applied by the INAC.
For Rotary Wing in all its Classes and uses, except Class 1 that are of recreational use:
-Older than 18 years-old.
-Approve Advanced Course of RPA Rotating Wing, practical theoretical, dictated by a CIA, 6 months prior to the date of the request.
-Having attained a minimum of 50 hours of Rotary Wing flight according to the content programmatic.
-Possess Medical Certificate, Class 4, Valid.
-Approve the theoretical-practical evaluations applied by the INAC.

Limitations – All RPAs operating in Venezuelan airspace will have the following limitations:
1. They must not be operated in such a way as to create a risk to the people or property on the surface, particularly when windy strong or any other weather or interference factor electromagnetic radiation, as well as mechanical damage to the RPA, or lack of remote pilot skill can cause you to lose full control about it.
2. They must not operate from or in the vicinity of an airport or airfield within a radius of 5 nautical miles (9 km)
3. They will require submitting a flight plan to the ATC units, according to indicated:
For RPA Class 1 and Class 2, it is not required to submit a Flight Plan before the ATC dependencies, but the designated areas of operation must be known by the Aeronautical Authority.
The RPA Classes 3 and 4, before each flight must have authorization (Flight Plan) before the ATC units.
4. Operating height limitations on land or over water (AGL), according to the RPA Class, will be as indicated:
For RPA Class 1 and Class 2, they must not operate at a height greater than 400 Feet (122 meters). The RPA Class 3 and Class 4, prior evaluation and authorization of the Aeronautical Authority may authorize flight levels based on
the performance limitations established in the Flight Manual of the RPA.
5. RPAs must always be operated in line of sight (VLOS) of the pilot at distance or observer and at a horizontal distance from the remote pilot or from the place of its launch or take-off that is not greater than:

500 meters, for RPA Class 1.
750 meters, for RPA Class 2.
The distance authorized by the Aeronautical Authority in accordance with the performance limitations established in the Flight Manual, for RPA Class 3 or Class 4.
6. The RPA must be operated in the hours between the departure and the sunset (daytime); and in visual flight conditions (VMC), free of clouds, mist, precipitation, or any other condition that obstructs or may interfere with permanent visual contact with the RPA, any operation other than those indicated, will be prior evaluation and authorization of the Aeronautical Authority.
7. The RPA must not be flown over or operated over crowds of people outdoor.
8. They may not carry out simultaneous RPA operations by the same pilot at distance.
9. They will not be able to carry out emergency simulations on flights with RPA, unless unless they are required for training purposes, prior authorization from the Aeronautical Authority.
10. An RPA may not be operated from a moving vehicle.
11. They will not be operated in a prohibited or restricted area of the airspace Venezuelan.
12. It will not be possible to operate in the vicinity or within a radius of 1 mile navigation (1.8 km) of the circular area of operations, of:
Any place where the President of the Republic is located Bolivarian of Venezuela or other national and foreign authorities;
Facilities or areas of operation of the basic industry: Steel, Electrical and Petrochemical Energy, except for operations authorized by the Aeronautical Authority in the RAV 130.
Military, police or prison facilities.
13. They will not transport explosive, corrosive material, or that which represents a biological danger or any other type of merchandise that, in case of detachment or leaks, may endanger people or goods on the surface.
14. The RPA shall not emit bright laser lights.
15. They may not operate in areas of private property or in its perimeter without the prior authorization from the owner, as well as collect photographic data, film and sound of people or things that violate your privacy.
16. They must not operate close to another manned or unmanned aircraft.
17. Any other limitation established by the Aeronautical Authority.
It is important to highlight that the Venezuelan Aeronautical Authority will be able to evaluate and exceptionally authorize deviations to the operations considered as limitations.

Conclusions – The Venezuelan State through the incorporation of the regulation of Aircraft Piloted Remotely in its national regulations has made important progress for international aviation, since these may serve as an example for others to countries that have not yet advanced in the legislation or are in the stage incipient, can take the good practices and experiences of the Republic Bolivarian from Venezuela.
For this purpose, the officials of the National Institute of Civil Aeronautics are highly qualified and willing to cooperate with other nations that require the technical and legal guidance on this matter, in order to advance in the establishment of international regulations that regulate and guarantee the use proper use of these aircraft for the benefit of our peoples.

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