Five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow stand for the five different regions of the country. Green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity. A white five-pointed star symbolizing life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo’s independence on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner. The red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people.

Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Google Earth

Fishermen

Photo courtesy of Wikipedia

Government

According to Britannica, the military coup d’état of 1967 abolished the constitution of 1963 and dissolved the National Assembly. A new constitution in 1992, since amended, established the president as head of state and a directly elected multiparty National Assembly, members of which serve six-year terms, with a limit of two terms. The president, who is elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years, appoints the prime minister from the parliament majority. In 2002 a two-term limit on the presidency was abolished, but it was reinstated in 2019; it was not, however, retroactive.

The country is divided into five régions, Maritime, Plateaux, Centrale, Kara, and Savanes, for the purposes of economic planning. The five régions are subdivided into préfectures, each of which is headed by a district chief assisted by a district council.

The local administrative apparatus is complemented by traditional authorities, which include traditional ethnic kings or chiefs, village chiefs, and heads of family groups. These traditional authorities play a role in the judicial system, dealing with certain questions of customary law. The judicial system is headed by a Supreme Court and consists of a number of law courts in which civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal cases are heard.

Civil / National Aviation Authority (CAA/NAA)

The Civil Aviation Department (DAC), now the National Civil Aviation Agency (NCAA), is responsible for organizing, coordinating and harmonizing air transport nationally and internationally. The phases in the evolution of civil aviation in Togo are as follows:

1. From ASECNA to DAC – ASECNA, a multinational organization responsible for the management of air navigation, was created by the Convention signed on December 12, 1959 in Saint-Louis, Senegal. From 1964 (date of Togo’s accession to ASECNA) to the creation of the DAC, aeronautical authority was exercised by the ASECNA Representative to the Togolese Republic who reported directly to the supervising minister by virtue of the provisions of Article 10 of the aforementioned Agreement (specific contract). According to this article, ASECNA managed on behalf of Togo the commercial activities of Lomé Tokoin airport.

2. Creation of the DAC – The DAC, the central administration responsible for implementing the aeronautical policy defined by the government and controlling all aeronautical activities carried out on Togolese territory, was created by Decree No. 73/12 of 17 January 1973 and attached to the Ministry of Public Works, Mines, Transport, Posts and Telecommunications. The DAC took over the prerogatives conferred by article 10 on ASECNA. The commercial operation of Lomé Tokoin airport was provided by the DAC until the creation of the SALT.

3. Creation of the NCAA – To provide civil aviation authorities with the skills and resources necessary to effectively carry out operator supervision tasks, regional and international bodies (UEMOA and ICAO respectively) have recommended that States create autonomous structures. It is within this framework that the National Civil Aviation Agency of Togo (NCAA) was created by Law No. 2007-007 of January 22, 2007 on the Civil Aviation Code, and following the adoption of appendix 19, the new law N°2016-011 of June 07, 2016 also relating to the civil aviation code was adopted and promulgated. The NCAA is a national public institution of an administrative nature, endowed with legal personality and management autonomy and placed under the supervision of the Minister in charge of civil aviation.

Airspace

SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange

ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G. AIP ASECNA

Drone Regulations

Drone Request Application

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)

Short Essay Questions