225 Tanzania
Divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner. The upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue. The banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country’s many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean.
Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Giraffes at Arusha National Park.
Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Government
According to Britannica, the Interim Constitution of 1965 established the United Republic of Tanzania through the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, until then separate and independent countries. A permanent constitution for the United Republic was approved in 1977 and amended in 1984 to include a bill of rights.
Zanzibar has a separate constitution, approved in 1979 and amended in 1985. The executive branch is composed of a president, elected by popular vote to a maximum of two five-year terms, and a cabinet called the Supreme Revolutionary Council. Zanzibar’s parliament, the House of Representatives, is made up of elected and appointed members. These political bodies deal with matters internal to Zanzibar. Since the union with Tanganyika, some segments of Zanzibari society have occasionally demanded greater autonomy from the mainland.
The president of the United Republic is the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The cabinet of ministers is advisory to the president. Prior to 1995 it included two vice presidents: the prime minister, who is appointed by the president and acts as the leader of the cabinet, and the president of Zanzibar. Since then an amendment to the constitution, which was approved in 1994 and took effect after the 1995 general election, has rescinded the stipulation that called for the president of Zanzibar to serve as a vice president.
According to the 1984 constitutional amendments, most members of the unicameral National Assembly are directly elected. Many seats also are allocated to ex-officio, nominated, and indirectly elected members, including those seats reserved for women, representatives of mass organizations, and the president’s nominees. The National Assembly has a term of five years but can be dissolved by the president before this term expires.
For administrative purposes, mainland Tanzania is divided into regions. Each region is administered by a commissioner who is appointed by the central government. At district, division, and ward levels, there are popularly elected councils with appointed executive officers.
Tanzania’s judiciary is appointed by the president in consultation with the chief justice. A network of primary and district courts has been established throughout the country; right of appeal for the district courts is to the high court. English, Islamic, and customary laws have been absorbed into the legal system. In Zanzibar the highest judicial authority is the Supreme Council. Muslim courts deal with marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
Civil / National Aviation Authority (CAA/NAA)
The Directorate of Civil Aviation (DCA) came to an end in March 1999 following the establishment of Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA) as an Executive Agency of the Government. In September 1998, Engineer Margaret T. Munyagi was appointed as the Director General to lead the Agency. Tanzania introduced two Government Executive Agencies, the Tanzania Airport Authority (TAA) in 1999 and the Tanzania Government Flight Agency (TGFA) in 2002. TAA is mandated to manage all public airports while TGFA provides air services to VIP’s and government officials. Another significant development of administration of civil aviation sub-sector in Tanzania and East African Community was the establishment of the East African Community Civil Aviation safety and Security Oversight Agency (CASSOA). The Agency was established in June 2007 and its first Executive Director of the Agency was a Tanzanian Mr Mtesigwa O. Maugo. The Agency is a technical institution of the Community responsible for strengthening civil aviation oversight institutional framework in the region. Its responsibilities among others include promoting the safe, secure and efficient use and development of civil aviation within and outside the Partner States; assisting the Partner States in meeting their safety and security oversight obligations and responsibilities under the Chicago Convention and its Annexes; and providing the Partner States with an appropriate forum and structure to discuss plan and implement common measures required for achieving the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation through the implementation of international standards and recommended practices relating to the safety and security of civil aviation.
Airspace
SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange
ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G. Tanzania AIP
Drone Regulations
Civil Aviation (RPAS) Regulations, 2018
The Civil Aviation (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) Regulations, 2018
1. These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) Regulations, 2018.
2. In these regulations unless the context otherwise
“accident” means an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which-
(a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
(i) being in the aircraft;
(ii) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft; or
(iii) direct exposure to jet blast,
except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew; or
(b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which-
(i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft; and
(ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component,
except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to a single engine (including its cowlings or accessories), to propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tires, brakes, wheels, fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as small dents or puncture holes), or for minor damages to main rotor blades, tail rotor blades, landing gear, and those resulting from hail or bird strike (including holes in the radome); or
(c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible;
“aerodrome” means a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft;
“aerodrome codes” means aerodrome reference code specified in the Civil Aviation (Aerodromes) Regulations, 2017;
“aircraft” means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface;
“appropriate authority” means the authority having jurisdiction over the area in which the aircraft concerned is operated;
“Authority” means the Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority established under the Civil Aviation Act;
“autonomous aircraft” means an unmanned aircraft that does not allow pilot intervention in the management of the flight;
“autonomous operation” means an operation during which a remotely piloted aircraft is operating without pilot intervention in the management of the flight;
“command and control (C2) link” means the data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station for the purposes of managing the flight;
“conspicuity” means quality of an aircraft (for example, lighting or paint scheme), allowing it to be easily seen or noticed by others (for example, by pilots, ATCOs, aerodrome personnel);
“continuing airworthiness” means the set of processes by which an aircraft, engine, propeller or part complies with the applicable airworthiness requirements and remains in a condition for safe operation throughout its operating life;
“controlled airspace” means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification;
Note.- Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E as described in Annex 11, 2.6.
“dangerous goods” means articles or substances which are capable of posing risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods of the Technical Instructions or which are classifieds according to those instructions;
“detect and avoid” means the capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate action;
“handover” means the act of passing piloting control from one remote pilot station to another;
“incident” means an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation;
Note: The types of incidents which are of interest for safety-related studies include the incidents listed in Annex 13, Attachment C.
“maintenance” means the performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft, including any one or combination of overhaul, inspection, replacement, defect rectification and the embodiment of a modification or repair;
“National Civil Aviation Security Committee (NCASC)” means the Committee established by the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations, 2015;
“operational control” means the exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight;
“operations manual” means a manual containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in the execution of their duties;
“operations specifications” means the authorizations, conditions and limitations associated with the RPAS operator certificate and subject to the conditions in the operations manual;
“operator” means a person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in RPAS operation;
“person” means natural person, any institution or organization who engage in RPAS operation;
“prohibited area” means an airspace of defined dimensions, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited;
“remote crew member” means a crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of a RPAS during a flight duty period;
“remote cruise relief pilot” means a remote flight crew member who is assigned to perform remote pilot tasks during cruise flight, to allow the remote pilot-in-command to obtain planned rest;
“remote flight crew member” means a licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of a RPAS during a flight duty period;
“remote pilot” means a person charged by the operator with duties essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and who manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time;
“remote pilot-in-command” means the remote pilot designated by the operator as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight;
“Remote pilot station” means the component of the RPAS containing the equipment used to pilot the remotely piloted aircraft;
“Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)”means an unmanned aircraft which is piloted from a remote pilot station;
“Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)” means a remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components as specified in the type design;
“RPAS operating manual” means a manual, acceptable to the State of the Operator, containing normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, checklists, limitations, performance information, details of the RPA and each associated RPS model and other material relevant to the operation of the RPAS;
Note. – The RPAS operating manual is part of the operations manual.
“Required Communication Performance (RCP)” means a statement of the performance requirements for operational communication in support of specific ATM functions;
“Required Communication Performance type (RCP type)” means a label (e.g. RCP 240) that represents the values assigned to RCP parameters for communication transaction time, continuity, availability and integrity;
“rest period” means a continuous and defined period of time, subsequent to or prior to duty, during which remote crew members are free of all duties;
“RPA observer” means a trained and competent person designated by the operator who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight;
“RPAS operator certificate (ROC)” means a certificate authorizing an operator to carry out specified RPAS operations;
“safety” means the state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level;
“Visual Line-of-Sight (VLoS) operation” means an operation in which the remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct unaided visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft; and
“Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)” means meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima.
3. These regulations shall apply to all persons operating or maintaining RPAS registered in the United Republic of Tanzania wherever they may be and any RPAS operating in the United Republic of Tanzania.
4.-(1) RPAS shall be categorized or classified by weight and usage.
(2) There shall be three classes of RPAS, namely:
(a) Class 1: that weigh 5 kilograms and below including any payload carried by the RPAS;
(b) Class 2: that weigh more than 5 kilograms but less than 25 kilograms including any payload carried by
the RPAS; and
(c) Class 3: that weigh 25 kilograms and above including any payload carried by the RPAS.
(3) There shall be three categories of RPAS namely:
(a) Category A: utilized for recreational and sports purposes only;
(b) Category B: utilized for private activities excluding recreational and sports purposes; and
(c) Category C: utilized for commercial activities
5. A person shall be eligible to own a RPAS if he is-
(a) a Tanzanian citizen;
(b) a resident in the United Republic of Tanzania;
(c) a company registered in the United Republic of Tanzania; or
(d) the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.
6.-(1) A person shall not import a RPAS or a component of a RPAS without a permit issued by the Authority.
(2) A person who intends to export a Tanzanian registered RPAS shall notify the Authority in writing and obtain a de-registration certificate.
7.-(1) A person shall not operate a remotely piloted aircraft within the United Republic of Tanzania unless the remotely piloted aircraft has been registered by the Authority and a certificate of registration has been issued in accordance with these Regulations.
(2) A remotely piloted aircraft shall acquire Tanzanian nationality when registered under these Regulations.
(3) The Authority shall temporarily register the remotely piloted aircraft in the names of the parties to the charter or hire purchase agreement for the duration of the lease, charter or hire- purchase agreement when a remotely piloted aircraft is leased or is the subject of a lease, charter or hire purchase agreement to a person qualified under regulation 5.
(4) The Authority shall establish and implement a system for registration and identification of a RPAS in the United Republic of Tanzania.
8.-(1) The owner of RPA shall submit an application for registration or operation of RPA to the Authority.
(2) The owner of RPA shall submit to the Authority-
(a) an application form provided in First Schedule to these Regulations provides information about the remotely piloted aircraft and contact information for the remotely piloted aircraft owner;
(b) evidence of ownership (such as a bill of sale); and
(c) the registration fee of one hundred United States Dollars or its equivalent in Tanzanian Shillings.
9. The Authority shall establish and maintain a remotely piloted register containing the following particulars-
(a) the number of the certificate;
(b) the registration mark assigned to remotely piloted aircraft by the Authority;
(c) the name of the manufacturer and the manufacturer’s designation of the remotely piloted aircraft;
(d) the serial number of the remotely piloted aircraft;
(e) the name and address of the owner;
(f) entry date; and
(g) the use or conditions with regard to which remotely piloted aircraft is registered.
10.-(1) The Authority shall register the remotely piloted aircraft by assigning a registration number (“9XR-….”) and issue to the owner where the applicant meets the registration requirements, a certificate of registration, which shall include the particulars specified in regulation 9 and the date on which the certificate was issued.
(2) The certificate of registration issued under sub regulation (1) shall not be transferable.
11.-(1) A person who is registered as the owner of RPAS in the United Republic of Tanzania shall notify the Authority in writing within fourteen days before the change of-
(a) any change in the particulars which were furnished to the Authority at the time of making application for the registration of the RPAS;
(b) the destruction of the RPAS or its permanent withdrawal from use; and
(c) in the case of the RPAS registered in pursuance of regulation 7(3), the termination of the lease, charter or hire-purchase agreement.
(2) A person who becomes the owner of the RPAS registered in the United Republic of Tanzania shall inform the Authority in writing.
(3) The Authority may, where it appears necessary or appropriate, or for purposes of updating the register correct or amend the particulars entered on the register.
(4) For purposes of this regulation a reference to the registered owner of the RPAS includes, in the case of a deceased person, a reference to his legal representative and in the case of a body corporate which has been dissolved, its successor.
12.-(1) The Authority may de-register the registration of a RPAS under the following circumstances:
(a) upon application of the RPAS owner; or
(b) upon destruction of the RPAS or its permanent withdrawal from use.
(2) The Authority shall, before de-registering the RPAS, require the registered owner to-
(a) return to the Authority the certificate of RPAS registration;
(b) settles any liens or encumbrances attached to the RPAS;
(c) remove all nationality and registration marks assigned to the RPAS; and
(d) comply with any such other conditions as the Authority may specify.
13.-(1) The RPAS owner or operator shall ensure that all its components are in working order and in accordance with the manufacturers’ user manual.
(2) The Authority may require RPAS of a certain class and category with a type certificate to obtain a certificate of airworthiness.
14. The owner or operator of the RPAS shall-
(a) maintain the RPAS in a condition for safe operation;
(b) inspect the RPAS prior to flight to determine that the system is in a condition for safe operation; and
(c) keep a log of all the checks performed before and after each flight operation.
15.-(1) The Authority shall have unrestricted access to-
(a) the remote pilot license with a remotely piloted aircraft rating;
(b) the certificate of registration for the RPAS being operated; and
(c) any other document, record, or report required to be kept by a remote pilot or owner of a remotely
piloted aircraft under these Regulations.
(2) The remote pilot, or owner of a RPAS shall, upon request, allow the Authority to make oversight activities of the RPAS, the remote pilot, and facilities and equipment, to determine compliance with these Regulations.
16. Save as otherwise provided in these Regulations, the Authority may, in the interest of safety and security revoke or suspend a certificate, approval, authorization, exemption or such other document of a person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations.
17.-(1) The RPAS operator shall-
(a) be responsible for the safe conduct of its operations;
(b) comply with all requirements established by the Authority regarding its operations; and
(c) be responsible for contracted services from providers, as necessary, to carry out its operations.
(2) The responsibility for operational control shall rest with the registered operator of the RPAS.
18.-(1) A person shall not operate a RPAS in the United Republic of Tanzania without authorization from the Authority.
(2) Notwithstanding sub regulation (1), RPAS operators shall be authorized in accordance with the category of use, in the case of-
(a) RPAS used for recreation and sports, authorization shall be through registered clubs established in accordance with the provisions of Part V of these Regulations;
(b) RPAS for private use, authorization shall be granted to the operator directly by the Authority in accordance with the provisions of Part V of these Regulations; and
(c) RPAS for commercial use, authorization shall be issued in accordance with the provisions of Part IV of these Regulations.
19. A person shall not operate a RPAS-
(a) in a manner that endangers other aircraft, persons or property;
(b) in prohibited areas; or
(c) in a restricted, danger areas or any other area notified by the Authority except with the written permission of and in accordance with any conditions imposed by the Authority.
20.-(1) A remotely piloted aircraft shall not operate in a controlled airspace unless the operator has prior authorization from the Air Traffic Control (ATC) facility having jurisdiction over that airspace.
(2) A remotely piloted aircraft shall only operate at least 10 km away from the centre of any aerodrome.
(3) Any person conducting remotely piloted aircraft operations shall ensure that the appropriate air traffic service unit is advised immediately anytime the flight of a remotely piloted aircraft inadvertently enters into controlled airspace.
21-(1) A person shall not-
(a) operate a RPAS in a deliberate, careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another; or
(b) allow an object to be dropped from a remotely piloted aircraft if such action endangers the life or property of another.
(2) The remote piloted aircraft shall discontinue the flight when he has reason to believe that continuing the flight would pose a hazard to civil aviation operations, people, or property.
22. A person shall not take or cause to be taken on board a RPAS or deliver or cause to be delivered for loading any goods which that person knows or has reasonable cause to know to be dangerous goods.
23.-(1) A person shall not operate a RPAS above 400 feet Above Ground Level and within the radius of 50 meters of any person, vessel, vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the RPAS.
(2) Notwithstanding sub regulation (1), operations for private and commercial categories of RPAS may be conducted at such higher heights and lateral distances as the Authority may approve.
(3) A person shall not operate a RPAS-
(a) in conditions other than Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC); and
(b) beyond Visual Line of Sight (VloS).
(4) Notwithstanding sub regulation (3)(b) a RPAS to be operated Beyond Visual Line Of Sight shall be equipped with a detector and avoid system.
24.-(1) All operations of a RPAS shall be conducted in day light.
(2) The night operations shall not be conducted unless authorized.
25.-(1) The remote pilot operating shall maintain continuous unaided visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft sufficient to be able to-
(a) maintain operational control of the remotely piloted aircraft; and
(b) know the remotely piloted aircraft’s location.
(2) For purposes of this regulation, “unaided visual contact” shall mean binoculars, telescopic equipment, night vision equipment, visual enhancing equipment.
26. A person shall not act as a remote pilot in the operation of more than one RPAS at the same time.
27.-(1) A remote pilot shall maintain awareness so as to see and avoid other aircraft and vehicles and shall yield the right-of-way to all aircraft and vehicles.
(2) The remote pilot shall, at each point of the remotely piloted aircraft’s flight, satisfy the criteria specified in regulation 20 in order to maintain awareness so as to see other aircrafts and vehicles.
(3) “Yielding the right-of-way for purposes” of this regulation means that the remotely piloted aircraft shall give way to the aircraft or vehicle and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear.
28. A person shall not operate a remotely piloted aircraft over an open-air assembly or crowd of persons, who are not directly participating in the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft.
29.-(1) Prior to flight, the remote pilot shall-
(a) assess the operating environment, considering risks to persons and property in the immediate vicinity, both on the surface and in the air, the assessment shall include-
(i) local weather conditions;
(ii) local airspace and any flight restrictions;
(iii) the location of persons and property on the surface; and
(iv) other ground hazards;
(b) ensure that all persons involved in the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft receive a briefing that includes operating conditions, emergency procedures, contingency procedures, roles and responsibilities, and potential hazards;
(c) ensure that all links between ground station and the remotely piloted aircraft are working properly; and
(d) if the remotely piloted aircraft is powered, ensure that there is enough available power for the RPAS to operate for the intended operational time and to operate after that for at least five minutes.
(2) Any person involved in the operation shall perform the duties assigned by the remote pilot.
30.-(1) The RPAS operator shall ensure that all incidents and accidents involving RPAS are reported to the Authority in accordance to the provisions of the Civil Aviation (Safety Management) Regulations and the Civil Aviation (Accident and Incident Investigation) Regulations.
(2) Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Department, Bureau or Branch shall be responsible for investigating all RPAS accidents and serious incidents.
31. Notwithstanding the provisions of regulation 17, the Authority may, in the interest of safety and security, cancel, suspend or vary any authorization granted under these Regulations.
32. The RPAS pilot shall ensure that he has command and control of the RPAS at all times during the flight.
33.-(1) The RPAS pilots shall ensure that Air Traffic Control (ATC) is made aware of any operations that shall take place in areas which are likely to affect manned and controlled air traffic.
(2) The Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) shall establish procedures, acceptable to the Authority, for integration of RPAS operation into the airspace to ensure aviation safety which shall include communication and surveillance detection.
(3) The procedures referred to in sub regulation (2) shall prescribe required information to be passed to ATC by RPAS pilot before and during RPAS operations.
34. A person shall not operate a RPAS-
(a) within 10 kilometers of an aerodrome from the aerodrome reference point for code C, D, E and F aerodromes;
(b) within 7 kilometers of an aerodrome from the aerodrome reference point for code A and B aerodromes;
(c) on approach and take-off paths;
(d) within the vicinity of navigation aids;
(e) within the aerodrome traffic zone; and
(f) within terminal traffic holding patterns,
except with the written permission of the owner or operator of the aerodrome, the appropriate ANSP and approval from the Authority.
35. The Authority may upon approval of RPAS operation at an aerodrome-
(a) impose operating restrictions on the approval in the interest of safety;
(b) publish details of the approval in the appropriate element of the Integrated Aeronautical Information Publication (IAIP); and
(c) revoke or change the conditions that apply to such approval and publish details of any revocation or change in conditions in the appropriate element of the IAIP.
36. A RPAS for commercial operations shall be certified by the Authority in accordance with the eligibility and training requirements set in the Second Schedule to these Regulations.
37.-(1) An operator shall not engage in commercial RPAS operations unless the operator holds a valid RPA Operator Certificate (ROC) issued by the Authority.
(2) The ROC referred to in subregulation (1) shall authorise the operator to conduct RPAS operations in accordance with the conditions and limitations detailed in the operations specifications attached to the ROC.
(3) The issuance of an ROC by the Authority is dependent upon the RPAS operator demonstrating an adequate organisation, method of control and supervision of flight operations, training programme as well as ground handling and maintenance arrangements consistent with the nature and extent of the operations specified and commensurate with the size, structure and complexity of the organisation.
(4) A commercial RPAS operator shall establish and implement a Safety Management System (SMS) in accordance with their operational requirements established under the Civil Aviation Act or any other regulations made there under.
38.-(1) An operator applying to the Authority for an RPAS Operator Certificate (ROC) shall submit an application-
(a) on a form and manner prescribed by the Authority;
(b) accompanied by proof of payment for a fee as prescribed by the Authority; and
(c) containing any other information that the Authority requires the applicant to submit.
(2) The ROC shall contain at least the following-
(a) the issuing authority;
(b) the ROC number and its expiration date;
(c) the RPAS operator name, trading name (if different) and address of the principal place of business;
(d) the date of issue and the name, signature and title of the authority representative;
(e) the location where the contact details of operational management can be found;
(f) the description of the types of operations authorized;
(g) the type(s) or model(s) of remotely piloted aircraft authorized for use; and
(h) the authorized areas of operation.
(3) The continued validity of an ROC shall depend upon the RPAS operator maintaining the requirements of sub regulation (3) under the supervision of the Authority.
(4) An applicant shall make the application for an initial issue or reissue of an ROC at least sixty days before the date of the intended operation.
39. The Authority may issue an RPAS Operator Certificate to an applicant if that applicant-
(a) has its principal place of business and the place is registered in the United Republic of Tanzania;
(b) meets the applicable regulations and standards for the holder of an ROC;
(c) is properly qualified, adequately staffed and equipped to conduct safe operations in commercial operations of the RPAS;
(d) holds a security clearance issued by the appropriate authority; and
(e) has an Approved Aircraft Operator Security Programme in accordance with the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations, and meets any other requirements as specified by the Authority.
40.-(1) An RPAS Operator Certificate issued by the Authority shall be valid for 12 months from the date of issue or renewal unless-
(a) a shorter period is specified by the Authority;
(b) the Authority amends, suspends, revokes or otherwise terminates the certificate;
(c) a certificate holder surrenders it to the Authority; and
(d) the certificate holder notifies the Authority of the suspension of operations.
(2) A Certificate which is suspended or revoked shall be returned to the Authority.
(3) An applicant for a certificate which has expired shall make an initial application.
41.-(1) The Authority may amend an RPAS Operator Certificate (ROC) if the-
(a) Authority determines that the amendment is necessary for the safety of commercial RPAS operations; and
(b) ROC holder applies for an amendment and the authority determines that the amendment is necessary.
(2) The ROC holder shall operate in accordance with the amendment unless it is subsequently withdrawn.
42. The Authority shall conduct surveillance, inspections and tests on the RPAS Operator Certificate (ROC) holder to ensure continued eligibility to hold an ROC and associated approvals.
43.-(1) The RPAS operator shall have accountable manager acceptable to the authority, with corporate authority for ensuring that all necessary resources are available to support ROC operations.
(2) The accountable manager shall have sufficient qualified and competent personnel for the planned tasks and activities to be performed in accordance with the applicable requirements;
(3) The RPAS operator shall establish initial and recurrent training to ensure continuing competence of its personnel.
44. The RPAS operator shall develop and submit to the Authority for approval an operations manual as set out in the Third Schedule to these Regulations.
45.-(1) The ROC holder shall not undertake commercial operations of RPAS except with authorization issued by the Authority.
(2) The ROC holder shall not conduct an RPAS flight commencing at a place within the United Republic of Tanzania and terminating at a place outside the United Republic of Tanzania without authorization from the State of destination or any other State over whose airspace the RPAS shall fly.
(3) The ROC holder shall not conduct a RPAS flight commencing at a place outside the United Republic of Tanzania and terminating at a place within the United Republic of Tanzania or overflying the Tanzanian airspace without authorisation from the Authority.
(4) Any person who intends to conduct a RPAS operation shall seek authorisation from the Authority prior to conducting any operations.
(5) The RPAS shall meet the performance and equipment carriage requirements for the specific airspace in which the flight is to operate.
(6) Unless otherwise specified by the Authority the request for authorisation shall include the following-
(a) name and contact information of the operator;
(b) RPAS characteristics (type of aircraft, maximum certificated take-off mass, number of engines, wing span);
(c) a copy of certificate of registration;
(d) an aircraft identification to be used in radiotelephony, if applicable;
(e) a copy of the certificate of airworthiness;
(f) a copy of the RPAS operator certificate;
(g) a copy of the remote pilot(s) license;
(h) a copy of the aircraft radio station license, if applicable;
(i) a description of the intended operation (to include type of operation or purpose), flight rules, visual line-of-sight (VloS) operation if applicable, date of intended flight(s), point of departure, destination, cruising speed(s), cruising level(s), route to be followed, duration or frequency of flight;
(j) take-off and landing requirements;
(k) a RPAS performance characteristics, including:
(i) operating speeds;
(ii) typical and maximum climb rates;
(iii) typical and maximum descent rates;
(iv) typical and maximum turn rates;
(v) other relevant performance data (e.g. limitations regarding wind, icing, precipitation); and
(vi) maximum aircraft endurance;
(l) communications, navigation and surveillance capabilities;
(m) aeronautical safety communications frequencies and equipment, including:
(i) ATC communications, including any alternate means of communication;
(ii) command and control links (C2) including performance parameters and designated operational coverage area;
(iii) communications between remote pilot and RPA observer, if applicable;
(iv) navigation equipment; and
(v) surveillance equipment (e.g. SSR transponder, ADS-B);
(n) detect and avoid capabilities;
(o) emergency procedures, including:
(i) communications failure with ATC;
(ii) C2 failure; and
(iii) remote pilot or RPA observer communications failure, if applicable;
(p) number and location of remote pilot stations as well as handover procedures between remote pilot stations, if applicable;
(q) document attesting noise certification, if applicable;
(r) confirmation of compliance with the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations;
(s) payload information or description; and
(t) proof of adequate insurance coverage.
(7) Where documents identified in sub regulation (6) above are issued in a language other than English, the RPAS operator shall ensure that an English translation is included.
46.-(1) A person shall not fly a RPAS for commercial or private purposes, without a valid license issued by the Authority in accordance with these Regulations.
(2) An applicant for RPAS Pilots License referred in sub regulation (1) above shall-
(a) be at least 21 years old;
(b) hold a current medical certificate;
(c) demonstrate English language proficiency; (d) hold a radio telephony license;
(e) have completed a course of training approved by the Authority; and
(f) have passed a knowledge and skills test.
(3) Where applicable RPAS pilot shall hold an appropriate rating for the type of operations they will perform including-
(a) type rating;
(b) instrument rating;
(c) night rating; and
(d) instructor rating.
47.-(1) An applicant for a remote pilot license with a RPAS rating under these Regulations shall make the application in a form and manner acceptable to the Authority.
(2) The application shall include:
(a) a knowledge test report showing that the applicant passed an initial aeronautical knowledge test, or recurrent aeronautical knowledge test;
(b) a declaration signed by the applicant stating that the applicant does not know or have reason to know that he has a physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of a RPAS; and
(c) proof of payment of two hundred United States Dollars or its equivalent in Tanzanian shillings for remote pilot licence issuance.
48.-(1) A person shall not act as a remote pilot unless that person holds-
(a) a remote Pilot License;
(b) a rating for the specific RPAS type or is operating under the supervision of a rated remote pilot for the purpose of qualifying for the rating;
(c) the required knowledge for the type of RPAS; and
(d) a current Class 3 medical certificate.
(2) A person undergoing training to qualify for a remote Pilot License or rating shall not-
(a) act as solo remote pilot of an RPAS:
(i) unless under the supervision of, or with the authority of, an authorized RPAS instructor; or
(ii) on an international RPA flight; and
(b) form a part of the crew of a commercial RPAS flight.
49. A person shall not operate an RPAS unless that person has completed one of the following, within the previous 24 calendar months-
(a) passed an initial aeronautical knowledge test covering the areas of knowledge specified in regulation 50(1); or
(b) passed a recurrent aeronautical knowledge test covering the areas of knowledge specified in Regulation 51.
50.-(1) Knowledge tests prescribed by or under these Regulations shall be conducted by the Authority or by persons designated by the Authority.
(2) An applicant for a knowledge test shall have proper identification at the time of application that contains the applicant’s-
(a) photograph;
(b) signature; and
(c) date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will meet the age requirements of these Regulations for the certificate sought before the expiration date of the applicant knowledge test report.
(3) The minimum passing grade for the knowledge test will be specified by the Authority.
51.-(1) An initial aeronautical knowledge test covers the following areas of knowledge-
(a) applicable regulations relating to a RPAS rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation;
(b) airspace classification and operating requirements, obstacle clearance requirements, and flight restrictions affecting remotely piloted aircraft operation;
(c) official sources of weather and effects of weather on remotely piloted aircraft performance;
(d) a RPAS loading and performance;
(e) emergency procedures;
(f) crew resource management;
(g) radio communication procedures;
(h) determining the performance of remotely piloted aircraft;
(i) physiological effects of drugs and alcohol;
(j) aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(k) airport operations.
(2) A recurrent aeronautical knowledge test covers the following areas of knowledge-
(a) applicable regulations relating to a RPAS rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation;
(b) airspace classification and operating requirements, obstacle clearance requirements, and flight restrictions affecting remotely piloted aircraft operation;
(c) official sources of weather;
(d) emergency procedures;
(e) crew resource management;
(f) aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(g) airport operations.
52. The RPAS Pilots License shall be valid subject to validity of the holder’s medical certificate.
53. The commercial RPAS operations pilots will be trained in accordance with training requirements specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations.
54. The Authority shall prescribe instrument requirements for RPAS operators for specific operations depending on-
(a) the class and category of the RPAS;
(b) type of operations; and
(c) special authorizations sought.
55.-(1) A person shall not act as a remote pilot if he knows or has reason to know that he has a physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of a RPAS.
(2) A person shall not operate a remotely piloted aircraft if that person is or appears to be under the influence of:
(a) alcohol, or
(b) any drug that affects that person’s faculties in any way contrary to safety.
56.-(1) The remote pilot is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation of the RPAS.
(2) The remote pilot shall ensure that the remotely piloted aircraft will pose no undue hazard to other aircraft, people, or property in the event of a loss of control of the remotely piloted aircraft for any reason.
Private RPAS operations
Training requirements for private RPAS operations
Recreational and sports RPAS operations
57. A person shall not operate a RPAS for private purposes except with prior authorization issued by the Authority and subject to the conditions contained therein.
58. The private RPAS operations pilots shall be trained in accordance with training requirements prescribed by Authority.
59.-(1) The sports RPAS operations for recreational and sports purposes shall be authorized and conducted within registered clubs which are approved by the Authority based on the operational guidelines specified in the Fourth Schedule of these Regulations.
(2) The authorization given under sub regulation (1) shall be valid for twelve months.
(3) The Authority shall develop a system for approval of recreational and sports clubs including requirements for composition, documentation, club rules and regulations
(4) The clubs referred to in sub regulation (1) shall provide the Authority with details of their operation areas and working hours for approval purposes.
(5) The Authority shall segregate and notify through the applicable element of the IAIP of such airspaces designated for use by RPAS operators, including limitations that may apply.
60.-(1) Clubs referred to in regulation 59 shall prescribe minimum training requirements for RPAS operations under the club.
(2) Training requirements for RPAS referred to in sub regulation (1) above shall be documented and submitted to the Authority for approval.
61.-(1) Use of autonomous RPAS shall be strictly limited to State functions such as delivery of disaster or emergency supplies, search and rescue, and other Government operational missions.
(2) The Chairperson of the National Civil Aviation Security Committee (NCASC) shall, on a flight-by-flight basis, issue a Certificate of Authorisation for a specific period of time that permits a Government entity to operate an autonomous RPAS, in a particular area.
(3) The NCASC shall prescribe conditions and limitations for autonomous RPAS operations to ensure that they do not jeopardize national security and the safety of other aviation operations.
(4) The Government entity conducting autonomous RPAS operations shall comply with the prescribed conditions and limitations for autonomous RPAS operations and any other operational requirements.
(5) Autonomous RPAS operations shall comply with the rules of air, as applicable to all aircraft in the United Republic of Tanzania Airspace.
2.-(1) A person shall not operate a RPAS without Operator Security Procedures developed in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations and other security requirements developed by the Authority.
(2) The RPAS operator shall specify the security measures, procedures and practices to be followed by the operator to protect pilots and facilities from acts of unlawful interference.
(3) The RPAS operator shall carry out and maintain security measures including identification and resolution of suspicious activity that may pose a threat to civil aviation-
(a) at a remote pilot station;
(b) on an RPAS; and
(c) at any facility under the control of the RPAS operations.
(4) The specific security measures referred to in sub regulation (3) shall provide-
(a) that the premises used for preparing, storing, parking including RPAS ground station shall be secured at
all times against unauthorized access;
(b) for protection of critical information technology and communication systems used for operations purposes from interference that may jeopardize the security of civil aviation;
(c) for protection of flight documents;
(d) that Commercial Operators requesting to operate with a camera shall be required to include details of the camera usage in the application for Security review and approval;
(e) requirements for checks and searches of specific areas and accessible compartments of the interior and exterior of RPAS; and
(f) that persons engaged in RPAS operations are subject to recurrent background checks and selection procedures and are adequately trained.
63. The RPAS operator shall-
(a) be responsible for the security of the RPAS operations including associated facilities, personnel and equipment;
(b) ensure that the RPAS or any component thereof that is no longer in use is completely disabled or destroyed to prevent unauthorized use; and
(c) comply with any security directives or circulars issued by the Authority.
64.-(1) The RPAS operator or owner shall have response procedures for operations personnel for threats and incidents involving RPAS operations.
(2) The RPAS operator or owner shall ensure that reports on acts of unlawful interference are promptly submitted to the Authority as per the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations.
65.-(1) On receipt of an application for a remote pilot licence or registration of a remotely piloted aircraft, the Authority shall verify compliance and the accuracy of the application and provide the applicant’s information to competent security agencies for security vetting prior to issuance of a certificate.
(2) The Authority shall only issue certificates to individuals who have successfully completed a security threat assessment conducted by the competent security agencies.
(3) The security threat assessment shall consist of a check of intelligence-related databases, including Interpol and international databases, terrorist watch lists, and other sources relevant to determining whether an individual poses or may pose a threat to national security, and that confirm the individual’s identity.
(4) Where the competent security agencies determines that the applicant poses a security risk, the Authority shall deny the application for a certificate.
(5) A holder of a remote pilot license or the certificate of registration who will be determined to pose a security risk shall have his certificate amended, modified, suspended or revoked (as appropriate) based on the competent security agencies’ security findings.
(6) The competent security agencies shall conduct background and criminal record checks every 24 months on all personnel employed in the deployment, handling, and storage of remotely piloted aircraft.
66.-(1) The holder of an RPAS Operator Certificate issued under these Regulations shall-
(a) ensure that remotely piloted aircraft not in use are stored in a secure manner to prevent and detect unauthorized interference or use;
(b) ensure that the remotely piloted aircraft is protected from acts of unlawful interference;
(c) ensure that the remotely piloted aircraft is stored and prepared for flight in a manner that will prevent and detect tampering and ensure the integrity of vital systems;
(d) designate a security coordinator responsible for the implementation, application and supervision of the security controls; and
(e) ensure that all personnel employed in the deployment, handling, and storage of remotely piloted aircraft have received security awareness training.
67.-(1) A remotely piloted aircraft shall not be launched or recovered from any public or private property without the consent of the relevant Authority.
(2) The RPAS pilot or the owner shall seek permission or notify the appropriate authorities, as well as people around the area before starting the operations.
68.-(1) Any person conducting operations using a remotely piloted aircraft fitted with cameras shall operate them in a responsible way to respect the privacy of others.
(2) A person shall not use a remotely piloted aircraft to do any of the following-
(a) conduct surveillance of:
(i) a person without the person’s consent; and
(ii) private real property without the consent of the owner; and
(b) photograph or film an individual, without the individual’s consent, for the purpose of publishing or otherwise publicly disseminating the photograph or film:
Provided that, the photograph or film is for news gathering or is taken at the events or places to which the general public is invited.
(3) Infrared or other similar thermal imaging technology equipment fitted on remotely piloted aircraft shall be for the sole purpose of-
(a) scientific investigation;
(b) scientific research;
(c) mapping and evaluating the earth’s surface, including terrain and surface water
(d) bodies and other features;
(e) investigation or evaluation of crops, livestock, or farming operations;
(f) investigation of forests and forest management;
(g) investigations of vegetation or wildlife; or
(h) investigation of other matters upon authorization by the Authority.
69.-(1) A RPAS operator shall establish an system of record-keeping that allows adequate storage and reliable traceability of all activities developed, covering at a minimum-
(a) operator’s organisation;
(b) Safety Management Systems (SMSs);
(c) personnel training and competence verification;
(d) documentation of all management system key processes;
(e) maintenance records; and
(f) security management records.
(2) The records under sub regulation (1), shall be stored in a manner that ensures protection from damage, alteration and theft.
(3) The records identified in this sub regulation shall be current and in a sufficient detail to determine whether the experience and qualification requirements are met for the purpose of commercial operations.
70.-(1) A person shall not operate, or cause to be operated or commit any other person to operate a RPAS unless there is in force an adequate insurance policy in respect of third party risks.
(2) The minimum sum of insurance in respect of any RPAS insured in accordance with sub regulation (1) shall be notified by the Authority.
(3) An operator of RPAS shall make available third party liability insurance certificate, in authentic form, at the location of the RPAS operator’s operational management or other location specified by the Authority.
(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub regulation (1), the Authority may dispense with requirement depending on the class and category of the RPAS.
71.-(1) Any person may report to the Authority any violation made under these Regulations.
(2) The Authority will determine the nature and type of any additional investigation or enforcement action that requires to be taken in case of any violations under these Regulations.
72.-(1) A pilot or any person in charge of the RPAS or the owner thereof who operates, or causes to be operated or commits any other person to operate a RPAS in such a manner as to endanger the safety of the air space, other aircraft, persons and property on the ground, commits an offense and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of not exceeding one million shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(2) A person who operates a RPAS, without authorization commits an offense and on conviction shall be liable to a fine of not exceeding one million shillings or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(3) A person who fails to display a unique identifier or the registration number commits an offense and on conviction shall be liable to a fine of not exceeding one million shillings or imprisonment for a term of not exceeding six months or both.
(4) A person who operates, or causes to be operated or commits any other person to operate an RPAS which has not been registered by the Authority commits an offense and on conviction shall be liable on conviction to a fine of not exceeding one million shillings or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(5) Any person who fails to comply with any direction given to him by the Authority or by any authorized person under any provision of these Regulations shall be deemed for the purposes of these Regulations to have contravened the provisions of these Regulations.
(6) An RPAS operator who fails to comply with any of the obligations provided for by these Regulations shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one million shillings or to imprisonment for a term of not exceeding six months or both.
(7) Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of these Regulations may have his license, certificate, approval, authorization, exemption or other such document issued by the Authority, revoked or suspended.
73. Any RPAS operated prior to the publication of these Regulations, shall be registered within twelve months of such publication.
Civil Aviation (RPAS) (Amendment) Regulations, 2020
The Civil Aviation (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) (Amendment) Regulations, 2020
1. These Regulations may be cited as the Civil Aviation (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 and shall be read as one with the Civil Aviation (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) Regulations, 2018, hereinafter referred to as the “principal Regulations”.
2. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 2 by adding the following definition in its appropriate alphabetical order:
“company” includes an organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in RPAS operations.”
3. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 8(2)(c) by deleting the words “of one hundred United States Dollars or its equivalent in Tanzanian Shillings” and substituting for them the words “to be prescribed by the Authority”.
4. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 20(2) deleting the words “center of any aerodrome” and substituting for them the words “aerodrome reference point”.
5. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 22 by adding after the words ” dangerous goods” the following words ” without authorization from the Authority.
6. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 46(1) by deleting the phrase “or private”.
7. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 46(2) by deleting the numeral “21” and substituting for them the numeral “18”.
8. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 47(2)(c) by deleting the words “two hundred United States Dollars or its equivalent in Tanzanian shillings for remote pilot license issuance” and substituting for them the words “fee as prescribed by the Authority”.
9. The principal Regulations are amended in regulation 52 by adding immediately after the word certificate the following words “as provided in the Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing) Regulations”.
10. The principal Regulations are amended by repealing regulation 72 and replacing it with the following:
“Offenses and penalties
72.-(1) A pilot or any person in charge of the RPAS or the owner thereof who operates, or causes to be operated or commits any other person to operate a RPAS in such a manner as to endanger the safety of the air space, other aircraft, persons and property on the ground, commits an offense and shall be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings or on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(2) A person who operates a RPAS, without authorization commits an offense and shall be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings or on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(3) A person who fails to display a unique identifier or the registration number commits an offense and shall be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings or on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(4) A person who operates, or causes to be operated or commits any other person to operate an RPAS which has not been registered by the Authority commits an offense and shall be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings or on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
(5) Any person who fails to comply with any direction given to him by the Authority or by any authorized person under any provision of these Regulations shall be deemed for the purposes of these Regulations to have contravened the provisions of these Regulations and shall be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings.
(6) An RPAS operator who fails to comply with any of the obligations provided for by these Regulations shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one million shillings or upon conviction to imprisonment for a term of not exceeding six months or both.
(7) Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of these Regulations may have his license, certificate, approval, authorization, exemption or other such document issued by the Authority, revoked or suspended.
11. The principal Regulations are amended by adding immediately after regulation 72 the following new Regulation 72A: “General penalty
72A. A person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations for which no penalty is provided, commits an offense and: shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine of not less than one million shillings and may have his RPAS confiscated.”
Tanzania National Parks
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
Short Essay Questions
Question 1
You have been hired by a Drone Startup Company. Your boss has immediately assigned this job to you.
They need you to prepare a one-page memo detailing the legalities of using a drone to film in Arusha National Park.
They need you to mention any national laws and local ordinances.
They specifically want to know what airspace you will be operating in and whether or not you need an airspace authorization.
Does it matter whether or not you are a citizen of the country?
Lastly, there is a bonus for you if, as you scroll through this chapter, you find any typos or broken links!
Question 2
Do you need a certificate to fly UAS?
If so, how do you obtain one?
Are there fees associated with this?
If so, how much?
Question 3
May you operate beyond visual line of sight?
If so, what procedures must you follow?
Question 4
Does the country have UAM/AAM laws? If so, describe, citing the exact law.
Question 5
Are you aware of any new laws or policies not mentioned above? If so, describe, citing the exact law or policy.
