18 El Salvador
Three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band. The coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL.The banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America. The blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity.
Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Santa Ana (Ilamatepec) volcano is a stratovolcano about 45 km west of San Salvador city. It is El Salvador’s highest volcano at 2,381 m (7,812 ft) and one of its most active. The broad summit of Santa Ana has a beautiful array of concentric craters with crescent-shaped rims.
Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Government
According to Britannica, El Salvador’s constitution of 1983 provides for representative government with three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the president (who is elected by popular vote and serves a nonrenewable five-year term), the cabinet ministers, and the undersecretaries of state. Legislative power is vested in a unicameral, popularly elected National Assembly, whose members serve three-year terms. The judicial branch is composed of a Supreme Court of Justice, whose magistrates are selected by the National Assembly, and of other tribunals as established by statute.
El Salvador’s territory is divided into departamentos (departments), each of which is divided into distritos (districts), which are further divided into municipios (municipalities). Each department has a governor and a substitute governor, appointed by executive power; and each municipality has a popularly elected municipal council composed of a mayor, a secretary, and aldermen, the number of whom is in proportion to the population.
Civil / National Aviation Authority (CAA/NAA)
The Civil Aviation Authority (AAC) of El Salvador is the agency responsible for aviation safety and security and for investigating aviation accidents and incidents.
Airspace
SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange
ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G. El Salvador AIP
The Central American Corporation for Air Navigation Services (COCESNA) is an International Organization for Central American Integration, non-profit and public service, with legal status and financial autonomy, created on February 26, 1960 and governed by a Board of Directors, which it is constituted in its highest collegiate body, which is made up of the representatives of the signatory States of its Constitutive Agreement; established with well-defined objectives and purposes to respond and jointly comply with civil aviation international commitments contracted as signatory countries of the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944, known as the Chicago Convention. In that order, COCESNA enjoys the exclusive rights to provide Air Traffic, Aeronautical Telecommunications and Radio Assistance services in the territories of the Member States and other services established in the regional plans that have been entrusted to it by the Contracting Parties. under an international agreement. Its operations are fundamentally based on the Standards and Methods recommended by the ICAO. The adherence to the established norms and the search for excellence constitute COCESNA’s fundamental objectives.
As a result of the notable progress in aviation at the end of the 1950s, especially with the entry into service of jet aircraft, the need to modernize and strengthen the region’s air navigation services was valued, for which, in the month November 1959, a meeting with the Directors was held in Guatemala. Generals of Civil Aeronautics of Central America at that time, within which it was agreed to convene a Diplomatic Conference aimed at establishing a specialized regional organization, with the necessary human and financial resources to meet these modern requirements, as well as to unify and coordinate regional intergovernmental efforts and actions that would benefit the users of these services. Therefore, from February 22 to 26, 1960, the V Conference of Directors of Civil Aeronautics was held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, signing the guidelines of the Central American Corporation of Air Navigation Services -COCESNA, thus marking the beginning of its existence and operation. Consequently and by virtue of its nature, on February 1, 1961, its Constitutive Agreement was registered with the International Civil Aviation Organization – ICAO and on January 2, 1962 with the United Nations (UN). During the year 1963, COCESNA acquires the official recognition of the States of the Central American isthmus, through decrees and laws that ratified its Constitutive Agreement issued by the Legislative Assemblies of each Member State. El Salvador is a member state of COCESNA.
Drone Regulations
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Identification
Identification of the Operator of Remotely Piloted Aircraft
REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZATION OF OPERATIONS WITH REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT
Delivery of list of prohibited operations with RPA
RAC RPAS Edition-00 Translated into English by Google
Translations
Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!
RAC RPAS
Aircraft System Regulation
Remote Piloted
The first initial draft of the RAC-UAV relating to remotely piloted aircraft systems was developed in compliance with the provisions of ICAO Annex 02, and was also taken as reference:
• ICAO Circular 328 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).
• Doc. 10019, Manual remotely piloted aircraft systems Manual of the Aviation Organization International Civil.
• Part 107 of the US FAR regulations.
• Proposal for regulation of JAA (Predecessor of EASA) of Europe.
As a result, the original edition was presented in July 2016 in order to reduce it to a minimum the danger to people, property or other aircraft, and that they comply with the conditions established in this RAC.
Edition 01 of the regulation seeks to facilitate the identification of unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as its owner and respective operator(s).
Edition 02 of this regulation incorporates the classification of UAVs based on use, requirements to obtain a certificate of authorization for operations with non-aerial vehicles manned and the modification of insurance policies.
Revision 01 specifies the additional requirements to be met to certify an operation with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) under the category of “Aerial Works”, including in the same UAVs for Private Non-Recreational use as stipulated for section RAC UAV 2,040 and 2,045. The above is because this type of operations, like a Jobs operation, Commercial flights, as established by RAC UAV 2,035, are considered operations risk, thus relating to what is established in RAC 137,700. Because they are operations that have a certain Operational Risk must undergo an Operational Risk Analysis Specific (SORA or equivalent), which has been added in RAC UAV 2.035 b) and RAC UAV 2.040 b). In addition, the classification for the types of aerial work related to subpart was incorporated /C/ of this regulation.
With all of the above, it is possible to guarantee operational safety of these classifications, combined to compliance with the RAC UAV Subpart D; thus promoting the development and prosperity of this scope of the airline industry in El Salvador.
Revision 02 to Edition 02 incorporates Section 2 (Advisory Circulars) to this regulation, to provide guides for the application of the requirements, this review includes guidelines for the certification process to obtain a CAOVANT.
Revision 03 to edition 02 develops the RAC-VANT 2.040 (b)(2) requirement regarding the insurance policy sure.
Edition 00 of this regulation; It is a complete re-issue; Which incorporates:
• The name is changed from RAC-UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to RAC-RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), to be in compliance with the terms of ICAO.
• Definition and establishment of operation categories; for the classification of the System of RPA based on its weight and type of use; considering the risk of the operation;
• The definition of special operations and the requirements to be met for their authorizations of operation;
• The importance and requirement of risk assessment for different operations;
• Requirements for the authorization of operations according to their category;
• The possibility of the existence of operations in a modeling club reference framework of RPAS and associations;
• Inclusions of new guidelines and qualities on the subject of RPA registrations and their workers; and
• Requirements for remotely piloted aircraft operated by Government Institutions.
• Requirements for importers and marketers of RPA in Salvadoran territory.
In turn, this edition took as reference the following sources of additional regulations to those already previously used in the initial edition of the RAC-RPAS:
• ICAO Model Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulations PART 101, June 2020
• ICAO Model Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulations PART 102, June 2020
• ICAO Advisory Circular (CA) 101-1, operations in accordance with PART 101
• ICAO Advisory Circular (CA) 102-1, operators certified under PART 102
• ICAO Model Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulations PART 149, June 2020.
• EASA – Easy Access Rules for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Regulation (EU) 2019/947 and (EU) 2019/945
• FAA PART 89 – Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft
RAC-RPAS 1.005 Presentation
1) Section one of the RAC RPAS is presented on single pages. Each page is identified by the date of the edition or amendment in which it was incorporated.
2) The text of this RAC is written in Arial 10. Explanatory notes are not considered requirements and when they exist, they are written in Arial 8 font.
3) The RAC-RPAS consists of two Sections (1 and 2).
4) The content of this RAC is mandatory compliance with each and every one of the Standards found within Section 1, as well as the appendices to them and the Tables and figures to which specific reference is made and which are also within said section,
They have been given a title that indicates a summary of its content, so as to that facilitates its handling and understanding.
RAC-RPAS 1.010 General Introduction
This section 1 contains the requirements for regulation, its purpose is to establish the conditions of use and operation of remotely piloted aircraft systems that operate in Salvadoran airspace. In compliance with the provisions of Annex 02 to
Convention on International Civil Aviation and the requirements of national regulations. For the purposes of this regulation, the classification of RPAS is determined based on categories; that take into account the type of use of RPA such as: Recreational, Non-Aerial Work commercial and commercial aerial work and maximum takeoff weights; in subpart /B/ of
This section 1 details a more complete explanation; The categories are: Class “A” Category open; Specified class “B” category and certified class “C” category.
The purpose of this regulation is to establish the requirements of aircraft systems remotely piloted for civil use, to operate within Salvadoran airspace; as well as also for marketing.
The scope is limited to all natural persons, state operators (legal personality) and Government institutions that intend to operate or operate a national and/or foreign RPAS, as well as also natural and legal persons who need to import into national territory and/or trade with RPA(s)
RAC-RPAS 2.010 Applicability
a) The Regulation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems “RAC-RPAS” applies to the remotely piloted aircraft.
b) Those remotely piloted aircraft with a weight less than 0.200 kg are not subject to the performance of aerial work or the registration process of the RPA or its operators.
c) Those remotely piloted aircraft regardless of their use and with a weight greater than or equal to 0.200 kg up to 150 kg, must comply with the registration processes of the RPA and its operators, with the operating and certification limitations of each category to which they belong (according to the designated operation).
d) This regulation does not apply to:
1) Remotely piloted aircraft whose maximum takeoff weight is greater than 150 Kg or that its dimensions are greater than 3 meters. Named under the category class “C”, whose treatment will be according to the regulations for manned aircraft.
2) Remotely piloted aircraft whose flight takes place entirely in open spaces, interiors, for non-commercial aerial work whose premises are not public and have the authorization of the owner and complying with the RPA operation limitations
less than 0.200 Kg.
3) Anchored balloons.
4) Rockets.
5) Fireworks.
6) Comets.
7) Autonomous operations.
8) Remotely piloted aircraft used for state activities and operations, for example example: RPAs owned by the Armed Forces of El Salvador, Air Force Salvadoran, National Civil Police and Civil Protection.
a) This RAC-RPAS will come into force:
1) For Operators with approval in force or for those requests for approval made before the date of publication of this RAC, ninety days after the date of authorization of this RAC;
2) For operators only; established in previous paragraph; whose certificates are 120 days or less from expiring (at the time of publication of the present Edition 00); may request in writing their desire to implement the related and applicable of the RAC-RPAS through a plan; providing the estimated dates of its implementation and concise planning; so that I go down
evaluation and criteria of the AAC; this plan be accepted;
3) For new requests for approval of Operators, or modification of the approval existing, as of the date of authorization of this RAC.
b) Transitional Provision:
Until the effective date established in paragraph a) above, operators existing ones will be governed in accordance with the regulations in force on the matter.
AAC. Civil Aviation Authority.
AGL. Above Ground Level
AIP. Aeronautical Information Publication
AIS Aeronautical Information Service
ANR Risk Analysis
ARC Risk of Collision in Air
ARC – b Risk of Collision in Air Airspace Class B
ARC – c Collision Risk in Air Airspace Class C
ATS Air Traffic Service
BVLOS Operations Beyond Pilot Visual Range
C2 Command and Control
CA Advisory Circular
CORPAS Certificate of operation of remotely piloted aircraft system
DUI Unique Identity Document
EASA European Union Aviation Safety Agency
USA United States
ERP Emergency Response Plan
USA United States of America
EVLOS Operations within increased pilot visual range
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAR Federal Administration Regulations
FPV First Person View
Ft Feet
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GRC Ground Collision Risk
HMI Human Machine Interface
Kg Kilogram
Km Kilometer
Km/h Kilometers per hour
LiPo Lithium Polymer
LOAC Organic Law of Civil Aviation of El Salvador
Mt Metro
METAR Airport Terminal Meteorological Routine Report
MO Operations Manual
MTOM Maximum Takeoff Weight
NOTAM Notice to Aero-Navigators
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
OIAA Approved Aeronautical Training Organization
OpSpecs Operation Specifications
OSO Operational Security Objectives
PM Maintenance Program
QRC Quick Reference Code
RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft
RPAS Remotely Piloted Aircraft System
RAC Civil Aviation Regulations
SAIL Level of Integrity and Specific Assurance
SMS Operational Safety Management System
SORA Specific Operations Risk Assessment, Operation Risk Assessment
Specify
TAFOR Terminal Area Weather Forecast
VLOS Visual Line of Sight (Within the pilot’s visual range)
VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions
RAC-RPAS 2.025 Definitions
The meanings of terms and expressions that are not found in this regulation may be found in RAC 01.
a) “Detect & Avoid”: The ability to see, feel or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take appropriate action to comply with acceptable flight rules.”
b) Accident: Any event related to the use of an aircraft, which in the case of a remotely piloted aircraft, occurs between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of making a flight and the moment in which it stops, at the end of the flight, and its main propulsion system is shut down, during which:
i. Any person suffers fatal or serious injuries, or
ii. The aircraft suffers structural damage or breakage, or
iii. The property is affected by structural damage or breaks
c) Aircraft: any machine that can move in the atmosphere due to air reactions that do not be its reactions against the surface of the earth.
d) Airworthiness: The state of an item (aircraft, aircraft system or part) in which the item works safely to achieve its intended function.
e) Rotating wing: Flat part or plate that rotates around an axis providing forces of lift.
f) Geometric Altitude: Altitude or vertical distance of the aircraft in (meters or kilometers) with with respect to ground level.
g) Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA): Unmanned aircraft that is piloted from a remote piloting station; denominated in the Organic Law of Civil Aviation as a Vehicle Unmanned Aerial.
h) Government Institutions: Including (but not limited to) Mayor’s Offices, Presidential House, government offices, Ministries, Attorney General’s Office, Attorney General’s Office of the Republic.
i) Penitentiary centers: Architectural, administrative and functional structure with organization own; which is made up of units, modules, departments, sectors, enclosures and cells that facilitate the distribution and separation of inmates, including Detention Centers Minors, Penitentiary Farms, Rehabilitation Farms and Detention Centers Women.
j) RPAS operation certificate: Document granted by the Civil Aviation Authority, through which the operation of remotely piloted aircraft systems is authorized specific, in accordance with the conditions, terms and limitations established therein.
k) Aircraft modeling club: Association of people with the interest of operating aircraft not manned for recreational, sporting or cultural activities under an operational scenario defined by the association outside the regulation.
l) Quick reference code: Combination of bars and boxes that accompanies a product or consumer unit so that it can be read and decrypted using an optical reader that transmits data to a machine or computer. For this in will transmit the data of registration of the RPA and its operator.
m) Drone: see the definition of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).
n) Link “C2”: The data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station in order to manage the flight.
o) Operation scenarios: In most cases the operation that is under evaluation or analysis will include different locations and different required operating characteristics; for the that it is important to determine and differentiate them to carry out a correct application of SORA or equivalent technique and above all to determine the different specifications and
related operating limitations, ensuring operational safety.
p) Class “G” airspace: Uncontrolled airspace, IFR, VFR flights are allowed; space for RPA flights.
q) Segregated airspace: Airspace of specific dimensions assigned to users specific for your exclusive use.
r) Interior spaces: spaces surrounded by walls and limited by the height of a ceiling.
s) Ground control station (RPS, Remote Pilot Station): component of an aerial system unmanned aircraft from where the human pilot exercises control over the aircraft remotely.
t) Exception: Long-term authorization that is granted and relieves the legal obligation to comply with a standard or part of it by an alternative method with an equivalent level of security operational.
u) Frangibility: Characteristics of an object that preserves its structural integrity and rigidity up to a maximum convenient load, and tends to break into small fragments, without cohesion and without plastic deformation, so that it does not constitute a danger
v) Specified frequency: For a particular airspace means a frequency specified from time to time in AIP or by ATC as a frequency for use in airspace
w) Credited hours: Flight hours that deserve credit or consideration
x) Session Identification: In computing, it is data that is used in communications network (often via HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to identify a session, a series of related message exchanges
y) Incident: Any event related to the use of an aircraft, which does not become a accident, which affects or may affect the safety of operations
z) Specified information: For a particular airspace means specified information from time to time in AIP or by ATC as information to be transmitted in airspace
aa) Dual instruction: Dual education is a teaching and learning modality that is performed in two different places; the educational institution and the company, which complement each other through coordinated activities
bb) Specified interval: For a particular airspace means the specified interval of from time to time in AIP or by ATC as the interval at which transmissions must be made while in that airspace
cc) Geometric Latitude: The angle that goes from 90°S (South) to 0° for points located south of the line from the equator, and from 0° to 90°N (North) for points north of the equator
dd) Geometric Longitude: The angle that goes from 180°W (West) to 0° (the one found on the reference meridian, called Greenwich Meridian), and from 0° to 180°E (East)
ee) Observer: These are the people designated to maintain direct visual contact with the RPA and assist the pilot in navigation, terrain and air traffic issues. These people have the obligation to visualize any air traffic approaching the area of operation of the RPA and promptly communicate to the pilot the position and attitude of the RPA in relation to the
air traffic and the position and attitude of the air traffic in relation to the RPA to take the maneuvers necessary evasions.
ff) Armored operation: Armored operations are, for example, a flight that takes place in a stadium below ceiling height or a flight that takes place in a wooded area below of the height of the trees
gg) Autonomous operations: An operation during which a piloted aircraft distance flies without pilot intervention in flight management.
hh) Operation within visual range (VLOS, Visual Line of Sight): it is a modality of operation in which the pilot maintains direct visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft, without the help of optical and/or electronic devices (e.g. binoculars or on-board camera that transmits video in real time to pilot on the ground).
ii) Operator of the remotely piloted aircraft: This is the natural or legal person who uses and controls the remotely piloted aircraft. From now on in the regulation it will be defined as an Operator.
jj) Maximum takeoff weight: It is the maximum weight of the aircraft with which, according to the manufacturer, the pilot can attempt a takeoff. This weight includes the structure, engines, avionics, gasoline or batteries and payload, including cameras, video cameras, measurement sensors, microphones, irrigation devices, and any other device or mechanism that is attached to the aircraft. The maximum takeoff weight is expressed in Kg.
kk) RAC 13: Civil aviation regulation – Accident and Incident Investigation
ll) Recreational: Use intended for entertainment
mm) Robust: Strong and effective in all or most situations and conditions
nn) Servo: Electromechanical system that regulates itself by detecting the error and the differentiation of its own real and desired performance, it is also known by mechanics as a servo mechanic
oo) Software: Computer programs, procedures, rules and any associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system
pp) SORA: is the specific operation risk assessment, through which an operator of RPA is granted approval by certifying authorities to operate RPA within the limitations established by the authority.
Note: For the detailed use of the technique, please contact the Aeronautical Engineering department of the AAC.
qq) Aerial work: According to the definition of the LOAC Art. 92, these are all those activities commercial airlines, other than air transport, subject to remuneration. Operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services.
rr) Commercial aerial work: Paid aerial work.
ss) Non-commercial aerial work: Unpaid aerial work.
tt) Mode “S” transponder: Transmitter that receives a signal from a secondary radar and returns a sound code with the position of the aircraft, its altitude and its radio frequency and identifies whether the interrogations are in “S” mode or another mode
uu) Aerial and phytosanitary treatments: Treatment for the prevention and cure of aerial plant diseases
vv) Private Use: Refers to the use of an RPA in a private, recreational and non-commercial manner profit.
ww) Non-Recreational Private Use: As its name indicates, it refers to the use of an RPA on a private, non-recreational and non-profit basis.
a) The airspace of the Salvadoran territory is subject to national jurisdiction and sovereignty, of in accordance with the provisions of Article 84 of the Constitution of the Republic.
b) This regulation has been established so that the use and operation of remotely piloted aircraft is developed in an orderly manner and with an acceptable level of security for the population and the civil aviation in general.
c) Therefore, in the airspace subject to the sovereignty of the Republic of El Salvador, only Remotely piloted aircraft may be used subject to the provisions of this regulation.
d) The operation of remotely piloted aircraft requires, in any case, that their design and Features allow the operator to have the ability to intervene in flight control at all times.
e) Any government or municipal institution that requires aerial work services by drones or remotely piloted aircraft from private entities; should require that such operators are certified according to the applicable operation category under Subpart /I/ of this regulation.
a) The investigation of an accident/incident with remotely piloted aircraft will provide knowledge to prevent similar events from happening again. Therefore it is mandatory that the owner, operator or witness, inform the Civil Aviation Authority about any accident/incident that occurs, involving at least the following:
1) Serious harm to any person or any loss of consciousness or fatality; either
2) Damage to any property, other than the remotely piloted aircraft, unless meets one of the following conditions:
a. That the cost of the repair (including materials and labor) does not exceed five hundred US dollars ($500.00 USD); either
b. That the market value of the property does not exceed five hundred dollars of the US ($500.00 USD) in case of total loss; either
3) Also, everything that falls on the following events:
a. Lost of control;
b. Flight outside the operating volume;
c. Engine or frame damage;
d. Incidents involving manned aviation;
e. Incidents involving the transportation of dangerous goods; and
f. Incursion into unauthorized airspace
b) The communication of the accident / incident must be delivered to the Civil Aviation Authority in a period of no more than 48 hours after the event.
c) The notification must be made through the mandatory notification system of accidents/incidents found on the Civil Aviation Authority website, according to what is established in RAC 13.
d) The Civil Aviation Authority will be in charge of carrying out any investigation of incidents and accidents (within the territory of El Salvador) in which it is involved a remotely piloted aircraft.
RAC-RPAS 2.040 Civil and Criminal Liability
a) The registered owner of the remotely piloted aircraft will be liable civilly or criminally according to applicable, for any damage to private property or people in accordance with the provisions in the Civil and Criminal Laws of El Salvador and other applicable laws.
b) The Civil Aviation Authority will be obliged to inform the Attorney General’s Office of the Republic in the event of a possible criminal act.
RAC-RPAS 2.045 Sanction, fine, suspension or cancellation
The AAC, through the Executive Director, may suspend or cancel the Operation Certificates of Remotely Piloted Aircraft, according to the Organic Law of Civil Aviation Art. 14 in its section 23.
The AAC may sanction by warning, fine or, where appropriate, suspend or cancel the Certificates of Operation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft, the aforementioned actions are will be imposed proportionally for non-compliance with the provisions of the Law, Regulations and Civil Aviation Regulations, in accordance with the provisions of Art. 191 to Art. 194 of the Law Civil Aviation Organization, respecting the right of hearing and defense of the possible sanctioned person.
(See CA-RPAS 3.005)
The operation of an RPAS is carried out in categories “A”, “B” or “C” defined respectively in subpart /D/, subpart /E/ and subpart /F/ of this regulation.
Any remotely piloted aircraft operating recreationally and weighing less than 0.200 kg must only comply with the provisions of subpart /C/ of this regulation.
a) The operation of RPAS in the class “A” category (Open)
1) It is not subject to any operational authorization when the use of the equipment is for recreational purposes; whether it will require registration of the RPA and its operator (see Subpart /L/).
2) If its use is to carry out aerial work RAC-RPAS 10.010 (commercial or not) commercial) under the conditions or operational limitations of the class “A” category, if will require an operational declaration issued by the RPAS operator and accepted by the AAC (see subpart /I/ of this regulation), as well as will require registration of the RPA and the operator (see Subpart /L/); to process operational authorization (see subpart /I/).
b) The operation of RPAS in the class “B” category (Specific) will require an authorization operational (see subpart /I/) issued by the AAC, both for the operator and for the RPA related and in accordance with the requirements of subpart /H/.
c) The operation of RPAS in the class “C” category (Certified) requires certification from the operation according to the requirements and regulations applicable to air operations of manned aircraft.
RAC-RPAS 3.010 Categories and their relationship with their Maximum Takeoff Weights (MTOM) and Types of Use
(See CA-RPAS 3.010)
a) Category class “A” (Open), includes RPA with MTOM greater than or equal to 0.200 kg up to 25 Kg for both recreational use and aerial work
b) Class “B” category (Specific). includes RPA with MTOM greater than 0.200 kg up to 150 Kg used for aerial work
c) Class “C” category (Certified), includes RPA with MTOM greater than 150 Kg or dimension of space between wings (or rotating wings) greater than three meters (3 mt)
d) For RPAS in operation for recreational purposes, this regulation makes no distinction between RPAS on the operational safety implicit in the purpose of the operation (e.g.: commercial, non-commercial or recreational). This position reflects the point of view of the AAC, of that the operation-related risk posed by RPAS differs very little between
an RPAS that is used for commercial (aerial work), recreational or non-commercial purposes (aerial work).
e) If the distinction by purposes of the operation is mentioned; It is simply to reflect whether an authorization from the AAC is required or not, especially in the case of aircraft in class “A” category (open category).
f) Therefore when the purpose of the operation is recreational (outside of a club modeling, see Subpart /K/ of this regulation); aircraft are defined as “remotely piloted aircraft” and are subject to regulations under the class “A” category
only.
SUBPART C – GENERAL RULES FOR OPERATIONS WITH RPAS
RAC-RPAS 4.005 Prohibited Operations
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 4.005 h))
a) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted when conditions do not exist visual minimums, for VLOS operations.
b) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted at night (from the official sunset time to the official sunrise time). Unless the operation be:
1) In indoor locations under lighting; either
2) An armored and illuminated operation.
c) RAC RPAS 4.005 b) will not apply if the person or operator has an authorization in accordance to Subpart /I/, applying the guidelines of Subpart /G/ RAC-RPAS 8.015.
d) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted at distances less than 6 kilometers of international airports, measured from the airport perimeter.
e) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted at distances less than 2 kilometers of authorized private slopes.
f) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted at distances less than 250 mts of authorized heliports.
g) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted in such a way that constitute an obstacle in air or on the ground to an approaching manned aircraft or departs a landing area or airfield runway.
h) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted where overflights are made military installations, voting centers, prisons, courts and related agencies, judicial centers, government centers, stations and sub power stations, hydroelectric dams, geothermal plants, seaports, hospitals, embassies, consulates, border areas and other restricted areas that are
published in the AIP.
i) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted when flying over private property of others or over prohibited areas or restricted areas, unless obtain permission to do so from the property owner.
j) The operator is not allowed to use two or more remotely piloted aircraft simultaneously.
k) The operator is not allowed to use the aircraft remotely piloted from a vehicle or moving platform.
l) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted when there is no available an appropriate and safe takeoff and landing area. The specifications of this area they must be in accordance with the provisions of the manufacturer’s manual.
m) Remotely piloted aircraft operations are not permitted to host or transport dangerous goods.
n) The RPAS must not be operated in or within a cloud or in conditions other than those visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
o) RPAS operations are not permitted in segregated airspace unless the person or organization has approval to do so from the responsible training authority of the segregated airspace area.
RAC-RPAS 4.010 Exception
The AAC reserves the right to authorize exceptions, to issue an exception the AAC must determine that the applicant possesses an equivalent level of security prescribed in this regulation.
RAC-RPAS 4.015 Right of way
The operator must give the right of way to all manned aircraft under any circumstance.
RAC-RPAS 4.020 Obligations of the RPAS Operator
In order to carry out flights, the operator must meet the following requirements
a) Be registered as an RPA operator in the AAC (RPA that applies for registration according to this regulation);
b) Do not operate the RPAS when fatigued or under the influence of alcohol (or eight hours after having consumed alcoholic beverages) or drugs;
c) Inspect the RPA before the flight to verify its proper functioning and safety;
d) Never operate an RPA that has damaged or worn parts;
e) Make sure you have enough battery/gasoline charge for the duration of the flight what is intended to be done;
f) Verify that other radio frequencies and transmissions do not interfere with the control of the aircraft;
g) Verify that communication between the RPAS operator and the designated observers be clear, uninterrupted and effective to be able to promptly alert of any anomaly or air traffic in the vicinity of where it operates;
h) Never operate the RPAS in a way that is dangerous for the operator, or other people or property;
i) Respect the right of way of manned aircraft;
j) Follow takeoff, flight, landing, emergency and recovery procedures described in the remotely piloted aircraft manual or its operations manual (when applicable);
k) Report incidents and accidents to the Civil Aviation Authority (see subpart /A/, RACRPAS 2.035);
l) Have the respective CORPAS or declaration of the operator as applicable according to subpart /I/;
m) Registered and unregistered RPAs; whether owned or rented by the owner or not of a certificate, may not be used in any transport operation that is in violation with RAC 02.19. This operation is grounds for sanctions and suspension of the
certificate (when applicable).
RAC-RPAS 4.025 Maintenance of Remote Pilot Aptitude (practical competency)
a) Ensure that they perform their duties regularly, so that in the last three months at least three hours of flight have been carried out between all categories of aircraft in that operations are intended to be carried out, whether said flights are normal operations or training specifics.
b) Must receive specific annual training in each category of aircraft operation that corresponds and for each of the activities that are going to be carried out. In case of class “A” category, a self-declaration of training is valid.
c) To prove compliance with what is indicated in a) and b); the pilot must keep in his logbook flight staff; the annotation of the flight and training activities carried out; validated by the chief pilot or his delegate; as well as the training manager
as applicable. Only for class “B” category.
SUBPART D – CLASS “A” CATEGORY – OPEN
RAC-RPAS 5.005 Weight characteristics and type of use
RPA whose MTOM is greater than or equal to 0.200 Kg and less than or equal to 25 Kg, both for use recreational and for aerial work.
RAC-RPAS 5.010 Operation Limitations
a) Maximum physical extension of the RPA less than 1 m (from nose to tail or from wing to wing);
b) Maximum horizontal operating distance of the RPA to the remote station, less than 500 m;
c) Maintain minimum visibility of 1.5 km (radial) from the location of the remote station before to start the operation;
d) The RPAS is operated within the line of sight of the remote pilot;
1) Taking into account not operating, if:
i) Any area in which the remote pilot’s view of the airspace is obstructed around where the RPAS will operate, or
ii) Weather conditions hinder the person’s ability to maintain line of sight of the aircraft.
2) Guarantee all the time:
i) Maintain visual line of sight with the RPA or be in direct communication with a RPA observer maintaining line of sight with the RPA, and
ii) Be able to see the airspace around which the RPAS is operating, and
iii) Operate the RPAS under any cloud base
3) Except for:
i) The remote pilot maintains RPAS operation at VLOS at all times except when flying in “follow-me” mode
ii) During flight, the RPA is maintained within 120 meters from the deepest point close to the earth’s surface, except when flying over an obstacle, the maximum operating height of the RPAS can be increased to 15 meters above the height of the obstacle under permission of the owner of the obstacle; except than specified in RAC-RPAS 5.020 b) 3) vii).
e) The RPA is operated at or below 120 meters (400 feet) above ground level (AGL)
f) The RPA is not operated within 30 meters around a person, measured horizontally, which is not directly associated with the operation of the RPA.
g) RPA is not operated on people (populated areas)
1) Unless:
i) The person is directly participating in the operation of the RPAS; either
ii) The person is located under a covered structure or inside a vehicle stationary that can provide reasonable protection
2) RAC-RPAS 5.010 (f), is not applicable if:
i) The person has consented to the RPAS being allowed to fly near him or her; and
ii) If the RPAS is operated not as close as 15 meters, measured horizontally from it or she.
h) Everything required by subpart /C/
i) Report to the AAC any failures, defects, incidents, accidents and other events that occur or could have an adverse effect on airworthiness, in accordance with the provisions of RAC-RPAS 2.035
RAC-RPAS 5.015 Required technical characteristics of the RPAS (Airworthiness)
(See CA-RPAS 5.015 f))
All RPA under this type of operation must have at least:
a) The propellers and/or rotors of the propulsion system must not be made of metal material;
b) Takeoff and landing systems for safe operation;
c) Automatic return systems in case of failure or loss of control signals (RTH, RTL,…);
d) A maximum takeoff weight;
e) Assisted flight systems for stable and controllable operation;
f) GPS navigation systems that also include the functions of:
1) A “software” that automatically does not allow the RPA to fly beyond a certain distance horizontal distance of the pilot at which its horizontal distance operating range is permitted maximum.
2) A “software” that automatically does not allow the RPA to fly beyond the maximum altitude allowed.
g) Data recorder system;
h) Remote control station systems; Features:
1) Ergonomic to facilitate the pilot’s performance in command.
2) All-time and real-time display of flight data providing situational awareness and management of any expected and emergency situations.
i) Command and control systems that do not cause interference and are immune to interference; either process to avoid interference of the C2 link;
j) A serial number;
k) User manual or instructions for use; and
l) Be of an appropriate manufacturing standard.
RAC-RPAS 5.020 Rules and competencies of remote pilots.
a) Recreational.
Register as an RPA operator as indicated in RAC-RPAS 5.050
b) Aerial work.
1) RPA operator registration according to RAC-RPAS 5.050
2) Remote pilots and associated personnel (as applicable) must maintain a log of their flight times and operational experience. This log must be documented and approved by his superior in charge of the operation or person who is training him or by a self-declaration: this log must record at least:
i) Name of the remote pilot or crew member;
ii) RPA type and serial numbers;
iii) Flight time;
iv) Date of flight;
v) Purpose of the flight;
vi) Result of the flight carried out;
vii) Details of the operational flight or training flight;
viii) Signature of the person who carried out the mission;
ix) Signature and name of the person who is approving this entry record in the book
3) Before starting RPA operation, the remote pilot must:
i) Obtain updated information relevant to the planned operation of the RPA about the geographical areas related by the AAC, as well as the airspace under which will operate and any airspace restrictions applicable in the location of the area of the planned operation; or, conduct the operation under the direct supervision of a person that you are aware of the airspace allocation and any airspace restrictions applicable space in the area of the planned operation. Just as monitoring the
solar activity or solar storms that affect satellite signals and therefore the navigation operation; This can be monitored through the KP index;
ii) Observe the operational environment, verify the presence of obstacles and verify the presence of people not involved in the operation;
iii) Ensure that the RPA is in a condition to safely complete the flight planned, and if it is feasible to verify that the vertical and horizontal limit operations are operating or that you are familiar with the procedures to ensure these limitations;
iv) Ensure that you are using the RPA serial number assigned to the station remote control;
v) Ensure that the battery charge (or power source) of the RPA is sufficient to the intended operation based on:
A) The planned operation; and
B) The need for extra energy in case of chance events.
vi) For RPAs equipped with link data loss recovery function, ensure that the recovery function allows for secure recovery of the RPA for the planned operation; for link data loss recovery functions programmable, the remote pilot will have to configure the parameters of this function to adapt it to the intended operation;
vii) The RPA may be operated at a height greater than 120 meters (400 feet) AGL, in accordance to the next:
Operate above 120 meters (400 feet) AGL must ensure that the operation remains in class G airspace (uncontrolled airspace) and must:
A) Operate in airspace not segregated for this purpose; either
B) Notify the AAC at least 24 hours before the operation, providing the
Next information:
1. Name, address and telephone number of the operator;
2. The location of the proposed operation;
3. The date, time and duration of the proposed operation; and
4. The maximum AGL height proposed for the operation of the RPA.
4) During the flight, the remote pilot must:
i) Maintain the RPA in VLOS operation and maintain a thorough visual scan of the airspace around the RPA in order to avoid any risk of collision with any other RPA. The remote pilot must interrupt the flight if the operation presents risks to other aircraft, people, animals, the environment or property. For the purposes of this requirement, the remote pilot may be assisted by an observer, located next to them; There must be clear and effective communication between the pilot
remote and this observer;
ii) Possess the ability to maintain control of the RPA, except in the event of a loss liaison or when an RPA is being operated in free flight (flights without external control, taken advantage of updrafts, dynamic winds and the performance of the
model);
iii) Comply with operator procedures when they are available. (work case aerial).
5) Comply and enforce the provisions of RAC-RPAS 4.025
c) Recreational and aerial work:
1) Comply with what is related to subpart /C/ RAC-RPAS 4.020;
2) The remote pilot must be familiar with the operation(s) to be performed; and
3) The remote pilot must be familiar with the equipment manufacturer’s user manual specific to operate.
RAC-RPAS 5.025 Minimum Age of Remote Pilots
a) For recreational use, be 16 years of age or older; must present authorization duly legalized by parents or guardians;
b) For aerial work, be 18 years of age or older.
RAC-RPAS 5.030 Operation requirements
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 5.030 b) 2))
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 5.030 b) 4))
a) Recreational
1) It is recommended to follow the operating instructions according to the operation manual of the equipment manufacturer
2) During the operation, the remote pilot must carry with him: record of the RPA and its operator
3) All images or videos recorded that are private or unrelated to the operator must not be be preserved, much less disclosed; Otherwise, you are subject to sanctions as established in RAC-RPAS 2.045
b) Aerial work
1) It is recommended to follow the operating instructions according to the operation manual of the equipment manufacturer.
2) Ensure that the RPA and the telecommunications equipment it incorporates comply with the telecommunications regulatory regulations and, in particular, when necessary, with the requirements established for the marketing, commissioning and use of equipment radioelectric
3) Record in an operations book by RPA or log; details of the missions and performed equipment operations; indicating date, flight times, start and end time, flight details, carrying out pre-flight inspections and weather conditions
4) Current insurance policy for civil liability for damages to third parties (in accordance with as established in the Organic Law of Civil Aviation).
i) Conditions:
A) Territorial limit: throughout the Salvadoran territory and airspace;
B) All RPA equipment in the company’s fleet can be considered under the same policy operator indicating related model and serial number;
C) Reference the applicable operational limits according to category;
ii) With the following coverage:
A) Civil liability of third parties: Bodily injuries of all types up to fatal and/or properties (specify coverage in USD for each occurrence)
iii) This policy must be processed by the operator with a local or foreign insurer, that meets the established coverage conditions and requirements.
5) The operator or worker must present a declaration of the intended operations recurring to be carried out; refer to the authorization procedures for operations under open class “A” category (Subpart /I/, of this regulation)
6) All images or videos recorded during operations and not related to the objectives of the operation (private or not) should not be preserved, much less disclosed; Otherwise, you are subject to sanctions as established in RAC-RPAS 2,045.
7) During the operation the remote pilot must carry with him:
i) RPA Registration
ii) Operator Registration
iii) CORPS
iv) Declaration of the operations authorized to be carried out
v) Current insurance policy for civil liability and damages to third parties
RAC-RPAS 5.035 Maintenance Requirements
a) Recreational:
1) It is recommended to carry out maintenance actions according to the operation manual of the equipment manufacturer;
2) Maintenance actions may be applied by the operator.
b) Aerial work:
1) The maintenance recommended by the equipment manufacturer must be complied with;
2) The operator is responsible for the maintenance and conservation of airworthiness, being able to demonstrate at all times that RPA and its associated systems they retain the airworthiness conditions under which they were manufactured;
3) The operator must comply with any continuing airworthiness requirements declared mandatory by this agency;
4) Multi-rotor machines that are manufactured with optional rotor guards must be purchased with the protectors and the protectors must remain installed at all moment when the aircraft has any possibility of approaching people, even
during a loss of control occurrence; and
5) Maintenance must be carried out by the operator or user who follows the instructions manufacturer’s maintenance procedures.
RAC-RPAS 5.040 Requirements for risk analysis and risk management systems operational safety
Take all relevant and practical steps to minimize risks to people, property or other aircraft.
RAC-RPAS 5.045 RPA Registry
Refer to Subpart /L/ of this regulation, RAC-RPAS 13.010
RAC-RPAS 5.050 RPA operator registration
Refer to Subpart /L/ of this regulation, RAC-RPAS 13.015
RAC-RPAS 5.055 Operation Authorization
a) Any RPA operator for recreational use:
1) Does not require a CORPAS;
2) It must be registered as stipulated in RAC-RPAS 5.045 and RAC-RPAS 5.050; and
3) Accept the AAC-ING-000-F3 statement
b) A person or operator must not operate an RPAS that is not in accordance with the class category “A”, except for those who under this category require carrying out aerial work: for which which will be required to operate under the terms of a valid authorization through a CORPAS certificate, refer to Subpart /I/ of this regulation, RAC-RPAS 10.015 d).
SUBPART E – CATEGORY CLASS “B” – SPECIFIC
RAC-RPAS 6.005 Applicability, Weight Characteristics and Type of use
a) Operations with RPAS of the characteristics indicated in paragraphs b) and c) below and that when at least one of the requirements of RAC-RPAS 5.010 are not met as Operation Limitations Class “A” Category – Open
b) RPA with MTOM between 0.200 Kg and 150 Kg
c) Regardless of the type of use.
RAC-RPAS 6.010 Operation Limitations
a) When any of the requirements requested by RAC-RPAS 5.010 are not met, exception of RAC-RPAS 5.010 i), in addition:
b) RPA less than three (3) meters in wingspan dimension, or from nose to tail, or diagonal diameter;
c) The remote pilot maintains RPA operation at VLOS at all times except when flying in “follow-me” mode; or in operation under BVLOS conditions;
d) Operations at altitudes no greater than 120 m (400 ft) above ground level;
e) Maintain minimum visibility of 5 km (radial) from the location of the remote station before to start the operation;
f) Operations transporting dangerous materials and goods that, in the event of an accident, would not represents a high risk to third parties; and
g) Operations on crowds of people are evaluated. Consent may be required of the people on whom it will be operated or operating without their consent (it will depend on the possibilities and practicality of processing consent and specific risk analysis of said operation) for which it is considered in the operating specifications and limitations of the certificate see RAC-RPAS 10.025 (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(2)(i); take reasonable steps to notify persons who will be affected by the operation, including the use of of communication or installation of signs in an area or at the entrance to a particular area alerting of the planned operation.
RAC-RPAS 6.015 Required Technical Characteristics of the RPA (Airworthiness)
All RPA under this type of operation will be able to count on:
a) Everything required by RAC-RPAS 5.015;
b) A “software” that automatically does not allow the RPA to fly beyond a certain distance horizontal distance of the pilot at which its maximum horizontal distance operating range is permitted if it is in VLOS operation (for BVLOS operation it does not apply);
c) A “software” that automatically does not allow the RPA to fly beyond the maximum altitude allowed depending on the operation;
d) A device that allows automatic remote identification, see RAC-RPAS 6.020;
e) A device that limits its operation in prohibited areas;
f) A device that provides you with the “Detect & Avoid” function when you are in BVLOS operation, or the ability to operate with separation from other air traffic such as that operates in segregated airspace;
g) A serial number;
h) User manual or updated instructions for use for the remote pilot; such instructions will address at least:
1) A description of the system that will include the required RPA components, any limitation of the system and the declaration of the category or categories of operation;
2) Modifications that will not change the ability of RPA to meet requirements for the category or categories of operation for which the RPA is eligible to conduct; and
3) Instructions explaining how to check and change the RPA mode or configuration, if they are available.
i) Have been designed, produced or modified in such a way that it does not contain any defect of operational security identified by the AAC;
j) Ability of the equipment to not allow blocking, manipulation or interference of the C2 link, ensure the reliability of the C2 link;
k) Adequate communication equipment capable of sustaining two-way communication with aeronautical stations and on the indicated frequencies (BVLOS operations or operations in controlled airspace);
l) Safe flight termination systems that reduce the magnitude of impact on the ground;
m) Means or systems, so that the remote pilot knows the position of the RPA at all times;
n) Navigation lights and paint that guarantee visibility;
o) If operating in controlled airspace, it has a Mode S transponder;
p) Forward-facing vision device, FPV feature;
q) Type Certificate or Airworthiness Certificate for equipment with maximum takeoff weight between 50 Kg and 150 Kg.
RAC-RPAS 6.020 Remote Identification Equipment Operation Requirements Automatic
Except for operations certified under RAC-RPAS 4.010; after December 01, 2027, No person may operate RPAS within the airspace of El Salvador unless the operation and the RPA equipment classified to operate this category, meets the requirements RAC-RPAS 6.025 or RAC-RPAS 6.030
RAC-RPAS 6.025 RPAS Operations with Standard Remote Identification
a) Operational requirements: The person under the command and control of the RPA must ensure that all of the following conditions are met:
1) From takeoff to shutdown, the RPA standard remote identification must transmit the elements of the message established in RAC-RPAS 6.035 and comply with the minimum performance requirements of RAC-RPAS 6.040
2) A person manipulating the RPA flight controls must land it as soon as possible if the standard remote identification system is no longer transmitting the message elements in RAC-RPAS 6.035
b) RPA standard remote identification requirements:
1) The RPA with remote identification standard is designed and produced by an approval design or production approval;
2) Your remote identification equipment is functional and meets the requirements of this part from landing to shutdown; and
3) Your device’s remote identification and functionality have not been disabled
RAC-RPAS 6.030 Alternative Remote Identification
A person operating an RPA without standard remote identification equipment can comply with the established in RAC-RPAS 6.020, complying with all the requirements of paragraphs a) or b) detailed below:
a) Remote identification transmission modules:
1) Equipment:
i) The RPA used is equipped with a remote identification transmission module that meets the requirements of RAC-RPAS 6.050 whose serial number is listed or has a declaration of compliance;
ii) The RPA registration document used in the operation by RAC-RPAS subpart /L/; must include the serial number of said unit.
2) Operation requirements:
i) From takeoff to shutdown, the person operating the RPA must ensure that the remote identification transmission module transmits the message elements established in RAC-RPAS 6.045 directly from the RPA;
ii) The person manipulating the flight controls of the RPA system must be able to see the RPA all the time during the operation or its observers.
3) Pre-flight requirements: Before takeoff; the person manipulating the RPA must make sure the Remote ID Transmission Module is working properly. in accordance with the provisions of this part;
4) Loss in flight of the remote identification transmission: The person manipulating the RPA system flight controls should land the aircraft as soon as possible if the RPA is no longer transmitting the message elements according to RAC-RPAS 6.045
b) A person can operate an RPA without remote identification equipment; only if it is fulfilled with operations in airspace designated in RAC-RPAS subpart /K/ and RACRPAS subpart /D/ operations, in class “A” category.
RAC-RPAS 6.035 Minimum elements of the message transmitted by standard communication equipment RPA remote identification
An RPA equipped with a standard Remote ID must be able to transmit the following elements of the remote identification message:
a) The identity of the RPA, consisting of:
1) A serial number assigned to the RPA by the person responsible for the production of the RPA with remote identification, or
2) A session ID.
b) An indication of the latitude and longitude of the control station;
c) An indication of the geometric altitude of the control station;
d) An indication of the latitude and longitude of the RPA;
e) An indication of the geometric altitude of the RPA;
f) An indication of the speed of the RPA;
g) A timestamp identifying the UTC time that applies to the output of the position source;
and
h) An indication of the state of emergency of the RPA.
RAC-RPAS 6.040 Minimum performance requirements for RPA with identification standard remote
a) Location of the control station: It must be generated and coded within the elements of the message and must correspond to the location at said time of the person manipulating the RPA controls;
b) Timestamp: This element must be synchronized with all other elements of the remote identification message;
c) Monitoring and self-testing;
1) Before takeoff, the RPA must automatically test the functionality of the remote identification and notify the person by manipulating the system’s flight controls RPA of the test result;
2) The RPA should not be enabled to take off if the remote identification equipment is not working; and
3) The RPA must continually monitor the remote identification functionality from the takeoff to shutdown and must provide notification of any malfunction or failure to the person manipulating the flight controls of the RPA system.
d) Resistance to manipulation: The remotely piloted aircraft must be designed and manufactured in way that reduces a person’s ability to alter the functionality of remote identification;
e) Correction error. Remote identification equipment must incorporate error correction in the transmission of message elements in RAC-RPAS 6.035;
f) Interference considerations. Remote identification equipment must not interfere with other systems or equipment installed in the RPA, and other systems or equipment installed in the RPA do not must interfere with remote identification equipment;
g) Transmission message:
1) RPA must be able to transmit the elements of the RAC-RPAS 6.035 message using a non-proprietary transmission specification and using a radio frequency spectrum compatible with personal wireless devices, where operations may occur without an individual license; and
2) Any transmission device used to comply with the requirements of this section must be integrated into the remotely piloted aircraft without modifying its flight parameters authorized radio frequency and designed to maximize the range in which it can be received the broadcast.
h) Performance requirements for message elements:
1) The reported geometric position of the RPA and the control station must have an accuracy 100 feet from the actual position, with a probability of 95 percent;
2) The reported geometric altitude of the control station must be accurate to within 15 feet of the true geometric altitude, with a probability of 95 percent;
3) The RPA reported geometric altitude must be accurate to within 150 feet of the altitude true geometric, with a probability of 95 percent;
4) The RPA must transmit the latitude, longitude and geometric altitude of the piloted aircraft to distance and its control station no later than 1.0 second from the moment of measurement until the time of transmission; and
5) RPA must transmit message elements at a rate of at least 1 message per second.
i) Takeoff limitation. The RPA should not be able to take off unless it is transmitting the elements of the message established in RAC-RPAS 6.035.
RAC-RPAS 6.045 Minimum elements of the message transmitted by the communication modules remote identification transmission
a) The identity of the RPA, consisting of a serial number assigned to the transmission module remote identification by the person responsible for the production of the transmission module remote identification;
b) An indication of the latitude and longitude of the RPA;
c) An indication of the geometric altitude of the RPA;
d) An indication of the speed of the RPA;
e) An indication of the latitude and longitude of the takeoff location of the RPA;
f) An indication of the geometric altitude of the RPA takeoff location; and
g) A timestamp identifying the UTC time that applies to the output of the position source
RAC-RPAS 6.050 Minimum performance requirements for communication modules remote identification transmission
a) Takeoff location: This must be able to determine the takeoff location of the RPA;
b) Timestamp: This element must be synchronized with all other elements of the remote identification message;
c) Monitoring and self-test:
1) Before takeoff, the remote ID transmission module must automatically test remote ID functionality and notify the person manipulating the flight controls of the RPA system of the test result; and
2) The remote ID transmission module must continually monitor the Remote ID functionality from takeoff to shutdown and must provide notification of any malfunction or failure to the person manipulating the flight controls of the RPA system.
d) Tamper resistance: The remote identification transmission module must be designed and manufactured in a way that reduces a person’s ability to alter the remote identification functionality;
e) Correction error. The module must incorporate error correction in the transmission of the message elements in RAC-RPAS 6.045;
f) Interference considerations. The module must not interfere with other systems or equipment installed on the RPA, and other systems or equipment installed on the RPA must not interfere with the remote identification transmission equipment;
g) Transmission message:
1) The module must be capable of transmitting the elements of the RAC-RPAS 6.045 message using a non-proprietary transmission specification and using a radio frequency spectrum compatible with personal wireless devices, where operations may occur without an individual license; and
2) The remote ID transmission module should be designed to maximize the range in which the transmission can be received.
h) Performance requirements for message elements:
1) The reported geometric position of the RPA and the control station must have an accuracy 100 feet from the actual position, with a probability of 95 percent;
2) The RPA reported geometric altitude must be accurate to within 150 feet of the altitude true geometric, with a probability of 95 percent;
3) The reported geometric position of the takeoff location must have a precision 150 feet from the true geometric position, with a probability of 95 percent;
4) The reported geometric altitude of the takeoff location must have an accuracy of 100 feet from the true geometric position, with a probability of 95 percent;
5) The remote ID transmission module must transmit the latitude, longitude and altitude geometry of the RPA no later than 1.0 second from the moment of measurement to the time of transmission; and
6) The module must transmit the message elements at a rate of at least 1 message per second.
RAC-RPAS 6.055 Rules and Competencies of Remote Pilots
a) Be registered as an RPA operator according to RAC-RPAS 6.085
b) Remote pilots and associated personnel (as applicable) must maintain a log of their flight times and operational experience. This log must be documented and approved by his superior in charge of the operation or person who is training him or person with operator experience greater than the experience of the related remote pilot: this log
You should record at least:
1) Name of remote pilot or crew member;
2) Type and serial numbers of the RPA, if applicable;
3) Flight date;
4) Flight time;
5) Purpose of the flight;
6) Result of the flight carried out;
7) Details of the operational flight or training flight;
8) Signature of the person who carried out the mission; and
9) Signature and name of person who is approving this entry record in the book.
c) Ability to apply operational procedures (normal, contingency or emergency, flight plan, pre and post flight inspections);
d) Ability to manage aeronautical communications;
e) Manage the RPA flight route and its automation;
f) Leadership, teamwork and self-management;
g) Problem solving and decision making;
h) Situational awareness;
i) Workload management;
j) Coordination or transfer skills, as applicable;
k) Comply with everything related to subpart /C/ RAC-RPAS 4.020, only with everything that is not in contradiction with the type of operation to be carried out in this category class “B” work aerial;
l) The remote pilot must be familiar with the operation(s) to be performed;
m) The remote pilot must be familiar with the equipment manufacturer’s user manual specific to operate, operations manual and have knowledge of the RPA to operate;
n) Before starting RPA operation, the remote pilot must:
1) Obtain updated information relevant to the planned operation of the RPA about the geographical areas related by the civil aviation authority, as well as airspace under which it will operate and any airspace restrictions applicable in the location of the area of the planned operation; or, conduct the operation under the direct supervision of a person who is aware of airspace allocation and any airspace restrictions applicable in the area of the planned operation. As well as monitoring the activity solar storms or solar storms that affect satellite signals and therefore our operation navigation; This can be monitored through the KP index;
2) Ensure that the operational environment (location of people, property, vehicles, public streets, obstacles, aerodromes, critical infrastructure) is appropriate; evaluated through a study of the area where the operation is intended to be carried out; verify the weather conditions at the time the mission begins and the expected ones during the operation and at the end of it; as well as the lighting conditions and make a reasonable effort to identify potential sources of electromagnetic energy) is compatible with the authorized limitations and conditions;
3) Ensure that the RPA is in a condition to safely complete the flight planned, and if applicable, verify if direct remote identification works properly;
4) Ensure that information about the operation has been made available to the public relevant air traffic service (ATS) unit, other airspace users and relevant interested parties, as required and when applicable by authorization operational;
5) Ensure that the battery charge (or power supply) of the RPA is sufficient for the operation intended based on:
i) The planned operation; and
ii) The need for extra energy in case of chance events.
6) For RPAs equipped with link data loss recovery function, ensure that the recovery function allows for secure recovery of the RPA for the planned operation; for link data loss recovery functions programmable, the remote pilot will have to configure the parameters of this function to adapt it to the intended operation.
o) During the flight, the remote pilot must:
1) Comply with the authorized limitations and conditions;
2) Maintain the RPA in VLOS operation (when this is the type of operation) and maintain a exhaustive visual scanning of the airspace around the RPA in order to avoid any risk of collision with any other RPA. The remote pilot must interrupt the flight if the operation presents risks to other aircraft, people, animals, the environment environment or property. For the purposes of this requirement, the remote pilot may be assisted by an observer, located next to them; There must be clear communication and effective between the remote pilot and this observer;
3) Eliminate any risk of collision with any manned aircraft and interrupt the flight when it may continually present a risk to other aircraft, people, animals, environment or property;
4) Possess the ability to maintain control of the RPA, except in the case of a loss of link or when operating an RPA in free flight (flights without external control, taken advantage of updrafts, dynamic winds and model performance);
5) Comply with operator procedures;
6) Monitor the operation and performance of the RPA during the BVLOS operation so that this is carried out without major mishap, confirming and supervising the avoidance of any collision with other RPA or interference with manned aircraft operations;
7) VLOS operation can be extended EVLOS with the use of sufficient observers who must be in direct contact with the remote pilot, the proper procedures for internal operation and communication with other operators aerial to identify scheduled operations;
8) During operation in VLOS with the support of an observer or RPAS operated with the aid of FPV required an observer; This observer must maintain the line of sight of contact with the RPA without assistance and at all times, this observer will alert the pilot of any traffic entering the volume of the air operation. The powers of the Observers required in the following areas are among others:
i) Methods of direct communication with the remote pilot;
ii) Actions and backup action to follow when communications fail;
iii) Familiar with the method of dividing space into sectors, thus reporting to the remote pilot of the position of any intruder, so that it can be located; and
iv) Emergency procedures in the event of an unforeseen event
p) Comply and enforce the provisions of RAC-RPAS 4.025
RAC-RPAS 6.060 Minimum Age of Remote Pilots
Be 18 years old.
RAC-RPAS 6.065 Operation Requirements
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 b))
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 g))
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 h))
(See Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.065)
a) The operating instructions must be followed according to the operating manual of the manufacturer of the equipment;
b) Ensure that the RPA and the telecommunications equipment it incorporates comply with the telecommunications regulatory regulations and, in particular, and when necessary with the established requirements for the marketing, commissioning and use of equipment radioelectric;
c) Record in a book of operations by RPA or log; details of missions and operations carried out by the team; indicating date, flight times, start and end time, flight details, carrying out pre-flight inspections and weather conditions;
d) Have an operations manual (MO) see Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.065 “Guide to Operations Manual” of this regulation: this MO must be available to personnel involved.
e) In this MO, in addition to what is indicated in Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.065 “Guide to Manual of Operations” of this regulation, compliance with the operational items must be integrated (that are not duplicates) of this regulation with the intention of complying as applicable
f) Designate a chief of remote pilots, whose functions and responsibilities are, among others:
1) Ensure that the RPA operator’s operations are conducted in accordance with the civil aviation regulations;
2) Maintain a record of the qualifications for each personnel operating the RPA of the operator;
3) Monitor the operating standards and competence of each person who operates each RPA for the operator; and
4) Maintain a complete and up-to-date reference library of operational documents required by the AAC for the types of operations conducted by the operator
g) Comply with the mitigation actions derived from the SORA RAC-RPAS 9.040 analysis (or equivalent method) and evidence said compliance, as well as with the OSO that the analysis SORA specifically determines must be met; All of the above must be integrated into the manual operations prepared according to Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.065 “Operations Manual Guide” of this regulation; or those already established by predefined risk analyzes in (See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 g)), to also integrate it into the MO.
h) Current insurance policy for civil liability for damages to third parties (in accordance with LOAC section third article 172):
1) Conditions:
i) Territorial limit throughout the Salvadoran territory and airspace;
ii) All RPA equipment in the operator’s fleet can be considered under the same policy indicating related model and serial number;
iii) Reference the applicable operational limits according to category.
2) With the following coverage:
Civil liability of third parties: Bodily injuries of all types up to fatal and/or properties (specify coverage in USD for each occurrence).
i) Process the CORPAS operation certificate with the AAC of the class “B” category – specifies (Subpart /I/ of this regulation)
j) All images or videos recorded not related to the objectives of the operation (of private nature or not) should not be disclosed, much less preserved; opposite case is subject to sanction as established in RAC-RPAS 2.040
k) During the operation the remote pilot must carry with him:
1) RPA registration;
2) Operator Registration;
3) CORPAS operation certificate authorized, current and issued by the AAC; and
4) Current insurance policy for civil liability for damages to third parties.
RAC-RPAS 6.070 Maintenance Requirements
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.070 d))
(See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.070 f))
(Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.070)
a) The maintenance recommended by the equipment manufacturer must be complied with;
b) The operator is responsible for the maintenance and conservation of airworthiness, being able to demonstrate at all times that RPA and its associated systems preserve the airworthiness conditions with which they were manufactured;
c) Operator must comply with any maintenance airworthiness requirements declared mandatory by this agency;
d) For the above, the operator must establish a data registration system for each RPA, relative to:
1) RPA model and series;
2) Identification of the engine by type, model and serial number;
3) Propellers installed by size and type;
4) Ground control station in use by manufacturer, model and serial number;
5) Detail of the defects and their rectification including details of change of components;
6) Time in service of the aircraft and its components;
7) Time for required major review elements;
8) Airworthiness or service directive information tracking details maker;
9) Purposes of the flight and area flown over;
10) Identification of the remote pilot;
11) Control system for any out-of-phase maintenance, if applicable (e.g. replacement servo);
12) Legible records of all maintenance inspections performed, date and inspector’s name;
13) Legible record of any modification made to the design, structure, systems or RPA controls;
14) The flights carried out and the flight time;
15) The date of the flight;
16) Deficiencies that occurred before and during flights, for analysis and resolution;
17) Date of deficiencies;
18) Significant events related to security (indicating their date); and
19) The inspections and maintenance actions and replacement of parts carried out (indicating its date, related part numbers, related serial numbers, positions).
e) For the purposes of point b), detailed above, the operator must establish, based on the manufacturer’s instructions adapted, as necessary, to the type of operations to be carried out, an adequate maintenance program to ensure the continued airworthiness of the RPA and its remote piloting station, see Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.070 “Program Guide
“Maintenance” of this regulation. This maintenance program, in addition to having as stipulated in Appendix 1 to RAC-RPAS 6.070 “Maintenance Program Guide”, everything related to maintenance management that this RACRPAS stipulates (instructions that are not duplicated) as applicable must be integrated into it.
f) In reference to point d), detailed above, regarding maintenance records indicated (See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.070 f)) of this regulation
g) Consider in the maintenance program:
1) Battery maintenance and testing programs, especially for polymers Lithium (LiPo) batteries are considered dangerous goods;
2) For fixed wing and helicopter type RPA, the related service life limits should considered based on manufacturer’s recommendations and operating history;
3) Do not allow the battery (LiPo) to discharge less than 20%, until it is drained completely;
4) Before charging a battery (LiPo); make sure they have cooled completely;
5) Do not store or possess fully charged and unused batteries (LiPo) for several days (more than two days); and
6) Always consider the manufacturer’s recommendations above all.
h) Multi-rotor machines that are manufactured with optional rotor guards must be purchased with protectors and protectors must remain installed at all times when the aircraft has any possibility of approaching people, even during a
occurrence of loss of control.
i) Comply with and evidence the installation of equipment or systems (if they exist) derived from the analysis SORA RAC-RPAS 9.040 or those already established by the predefined risk analyzes in (See CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 g)) or equivalent operational risk analysis: as well as the specify and record compliance with maintenance actions required to
ensure the continued airworthiness of installed equipment or systems. The actions of maintenance to be carried out must be integrated into the maintenance program required in the literal and).
j) Maintenance must be carried out by the operator (who has been trained by the manufacturer or manufacturer’s representative), who has a training system and update (equivalent system) or by the equipment manufacturer’s representative.
RAC-RPAS 6.075 Risk Analysis and Safety Systems Requirements Operational Safety Administration
a) Carry out a risk analysis of the specific operation under the guidelines of the Subpart /H/; which is a requirement to be able to issue the approved CORPAS operation certification of the required operation, according to Subpart /I/. Additionally, they may be supported by the CA-RAC-RPAS 6.065 g), study for restricted operations (those that apply) to be able to argue and conclude requirements of Subpart /H/
b) Persons who are employed by an operator or who assist the operator with and to the specific operation to be conducted with the related RPA; must comply with the practices and documented operator procedures for this purpose;
c) Subpart /H/ RAC-RPAS 9.045 determines the requirements in relation to security systems safety management applicable only for aerial work in this category; and
d) If the operations constantly change operational scenarios and if the analysis of risk it is determined that the operations are high risk; should consider implementing an SMS system (see literal c)).
RAC-RPAS 6.080 RPA Registration
Refer to Subpart /L/ of this regulation, RAC-RPAS 13.010.
RAC-RPAS 6.085 RPA Operator Registration
Refer to Subpart /L/ of this regulation, RAC-RPAS 13.015
RAC-RPAS 6.090 Operation Certificate
A person or operator must not operate an RPAS under the class “B” category; only under authority
of and in accordance with the terms of a valid CORPAS authorization, refer to Subpart
/I/ of this manual, RAC-RPAS 10.015 or RAC-RPAS 10.020.
Appendix not translated
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Regulations & Policies
None found by the author.
However, should you, the reader, happen to stumble across something to the contrary, please email the author at FISHE5CA@erau.edu and you may be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS section of this book by way of thanks for contributing to this free eBook!
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) News
None found by the author.
However, should you, the reader, happen to stumble across something to the contrary, please email the author at FISHE5CA@erau.edu and you may be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS section of this book by way of thanks for contributing to this free eBook!
Short Essay Questions
Question 1
You have been hired by a Drone Startup Company. Your boss has immediately assigned this job to you.
They need you to prepare a one-page memo detailing the legalities of using a drone to film the eruption of Santa Ana Volcano, pictured above.
They need you to mention any national laws and local ordinances.
They specifically want to know what airspace you will be operating in and whether or not you need an airspace authorization.
Does it matter whether or not you are a citizen of the country?
Lastly, there is a bonus for you if, as you scroll through this chapter, you find any typos or broken links!
Question 2
Do you need a certificate to fly UAS?
If so, how do you obtain one?
Are there fees associated with this?
If so, how much?
Question 3
May you operate beyond visual line of sight?
If so, what procedures must you follow?
Question 4
Does the country have UAM/AAM laws? If so, describe, citing the exact law.
Question 5
Are you aware of any new laws or policies not mentioned above? If so, describe, citing the exact law or policy.
