17 Ecuador
Three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag. The flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830. The yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice.
Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Marine iguanas are excellent swimmers capable of diving up to half an hour at depths of 10 m (32 ft) or more. The males grow to approximately 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long.
Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook
Last updated on December 5, 2024
Government
According to Britannica, a president serves as the chief of state and head of government. The president and vice president are elected by popular vote and serve four-year terms. Members of the cabinet are appointed by the president. Legislative power is vested in the unicameral National Assembly; members are popularly elected to four-year terms. Constitutional conventions became a common feature of Ecuador’s political system in an effort to eliminate the instability of the period from the mid-1990s to the early 21st century, when many individuals served as president and none completed a four-year term. A new constitution—the country’s 20th since its independence in 1830—was approved by voters in a referendum held in September 2008. In December 2015 the National Assembly enacted 15 amendments to the constitution, including the removal of term limits for elected office, the implementation of which was to be transitional until 2021. (Under the 2008 constitution the president and the vice president had been limited to two consecutive terms in office.)
The president appoints governors to administer each of Ecuador’s provinces. Provinces are divided into cantones (cantons); these in turn are divided into parroquias (parishes). Ecuador’s government has become increasingly decentralized. The mayors (rulers of cantons), elected by local vote, are particularly important for initiating local infrastructure projects and environmental controls.
Ecuador’s judicial system is composed of provincial courts, higher or divisional courts, and a Supreme Court. Despite attempts at reform, the Supreme Court has historically been plagued by inconsistent rulings and is viewed as being susceptible to outside influences.
General Directorate of Civil Aviation
The General Directorate of Civil Aviation is the civil aviation authority of Ecuador. Their vision is to be an efficient, strategic, innovative institution that facilitates air transport and that dynamically adapts to changes in world aeronautics in a safe and sustainable way, becoming a benchmark at the regional level. The General Directorate of Civil Aviation has a mission to plan, regulate, control and manage civil aeronautical activity in Ecuadorian territory, providing quality aeronautical services, prioritizing safety in air operations and minimizing impacts on the environment.
Airspace
SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange
ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G. Ecuador AIP
Drone Regulations
RPAS Laws can be found on the General Directorate of Civil Aviation website. They are translated below!
Galapagos Islands drones need authorization
DGAC-102-2023 Translated into English by Google
Translations
Translations of any materials into English are intended solely as a convenience to the public and are not legally binding. The author has merely attempted to provide a Google translation of the original material to English for convenience. Due to the nuances in translating to a foreign language, several differences may exist so before using for any work or pleasure please have the document translated by a professional service!
Resolution No. DGAC-DGAC-2023-0132-R
Quito, D.M., December 12, 2023
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION
CONSIDERING
THAT, the Codification of the Aviation Law, in articles 2 and 5, establishes that the General Directorate of Civil Aviation is an autonomous regulatory entity, under public law, that will maintain technical-operational control of national aeronautical activity, and, for the purposes of its application, the technical terms in aeronautical matters will have the meanings provided in the Technical Regulations of Civil Aviation (RDAC), issued by the aeronautical authority, whose highest authority is the Director General of Civil Aviation;
THAT, by Decree No. 102 of July 8, 2021, Mr. (SP) William Edward Birkett Mórtola is appointed as Director General of Civil Aviation;
WHICH, in accordance with article 6, paragraph 3, literal a, of the Civil Aviation Law, determines among the powers and obligations of the Director General of Civil Aviation that of “Dictating, reforming, repealing technical regulations, orders, internal regulations and complementary provisions of Civil Aviation, in accordance with this Law, the Aeronautical Code, the Convention on International Civil Aviation and those that are necessary for flight safety, and the protection of Air Transport Safety”;
THAT, with memorandum No. DGAC-DSS2023-0016-M dated January 27, 2023, signed by Commander. Bolívar Rosales, Director of Operational Safety, the Project part 102 Unmanned Aircraft System UAS was presented;
THAT, the Standards Committee in ordinary session No. 002/2023, held on January 31, 2023, took note of the Project part 102 Unmanned Aircraft System UAS dated January 27, 2023, and unanimously resolved that the process continue, that is, with the publication on the institutional website so that interested parties can send their comments for 30 days;
THAT, on February 2, 2023, the Communication Directorate was requested to publish on the Institutional website of the DGAC, the Project Part 102 Unmanned Aircraft System UAS, which was published on the same date;
THAT, the Secretariat of the Standards Committee, received comments on the project on March 2, 2023 by the Hobby Store Training Center, on March 3, 2023 by Mr. Luis Fernando Armas and Darwin Suárez, on March 6 2023, by Mr. Omar Barba, representative of the company HEXODRONE S.A.S, on March 7, 2023, by Mr. Juan Villarroel, on March 13, 2023, by Mr. Mauricio Hidalgo, and on March 27 of 2023, Mr. Angeely Adrián Narea, and was sent to the members of the Committee;
THAT, the Standards Committee in ordinary session No. 020/2023, dated October 30, 2023, suspended and, subsequently, resumed on November 1 and 6, 2023, learned the final version of Project part 102 System of Unmanned Aircraft UAS considering the comments of the sector, and, with a simple majority and casting vote of the President of the Standards Committee, approved the project, and ordered that the opinion of the Committee be reported to the highest authority so that it can decide its approval by means of resolution;
THAT, with memorandum No. DGAC-SGAC-2023-0712-M, dated November 23, 2023, Mr. Deputy Director sends the previous report on Project Part 102 Unmanned Aircraft System UAS to the Director General; and, in use of its legal and regulatory powers,
RESOLVES
Article First.-
ACCEPT the favorable report sent by the Deputy Director General of Civil Aviation through memorandum No. DGAC-SGAC-2023-0712-M, dated November 23, 2023, and, consequently,
APPROVE the new edition of the Civil Aviation Technical Regulation RDAC PART 102 “UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM UAS”, which forms an integral part of this resolution.
Second Article.-
This Resolution, without prejudice to its publication in the Official Registry, will come into force upon its approval.
Third Article.-
Repeal Resolution No. DGAC-DGAC-2020-0074-R of August 30, 2020, modified by resolutions DGAC-DGAC-2020-0110-R, of November 4, 2020 and DGAC-DGAC- 2023-0037-R of April 14, 2023.
Article Four.-
The procedures that are in process according to Resolution No. DGAC-DGAC-2020-0074-R of August 30, 2020, modified by resolutions DGAC-DGAC-2020-0110-R, of November 4, 2020 and DGAC-DGAC-2023-0037-R of April 14, 2023, will conclude according to the rules established therein.
Fifth Article.-
Charge the General Subdirectorate of Civil Aviation, Operational Safety Directorate and Aeronautical Certification and Continuous Surveillance Directorate with the execution, control and application of this Resolution, through the issuance of procedures, circular letters and others. guidelines for its effectiveness.
Communicate and Publish.-
Given at the General Directorate of Civil Aviation in Quito, Metropolitan District.
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION
TECHNICAL REGULATIONS RDAC 102
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)
New Edition
DEFINITIONS:
(b) The following definitions and abbreviations are applicable to this regulation.
Civil Aircraft: non-state owned aircraft,
BVLOS operation: Beyond Visual Line of Sight operation,
BVLOS means the UAS remote pilot is flying the DRONE out of line of sight.
BVLOS – Beyond Visual Line of Sight, Basic operation.
Basic BVLOS refers to UAS operation, where the UAS is flown outside the visual range of the UAS pilot or observer, in recreational or sporting activities
BVLOS – Beyond Visual Line of Sight Advanced operation.
Advanced BVLOS refers to the operation of UAS, where the UAS is flown outside the range of visual range of the UAS pilot or observer, in commercial activities (Aerial work) or a UAS weighing more than 25 Kg.
Cyclic loading. – is generated when structures are repeatedly subjected to different mechanical forces, deformations, tensions and stress. Bridges, cranes, aircraft wing spars, and wind turbines are prime examples of cyclically loaded structures. Static loads are those that can be considered constant throughout the life of a structure, while dynamic loads occur suddenly and their characteristics vary each time they occur, even within the same occurrence.
Failure condition in a UAS means a condition that has an effect on the UAS, which is caused or contributed to by one or more failures or errors considering the flight phase and relevant adverse operational or environmental conditions or external events.
Cartographic data. international E&P database that includes multiple layers of geographic data for geographic mapping, GIS analysis and spatial validation. This geographic module provides the basis for numerous high-quality maps.
Detect and Avoid (DAA) means the ability to see, sense, or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards, and take appropriate action.
General Directorate of Civil Aviation. DGAC. Ecuador’s civil aviation authority, in charge of organizing civil aviation activity, issues regulations, certifies, and controls to obtain the highest levels of Operational Safety.
Ground Control System (GCS), Ground Control System used to fly the UAS.
Latency – radio signals: the delay time between the start of a request and the receipt of a response.
Operational: The perceived delay between actions in an application or system.
Flight Observer. Crew member who, by visual observation of the UAS, topography, buildings and obstacles, assists the UAS Remote Pilot in conducting the flight.
Simultaneous operation. Control from a control station of several UAS’s
“Protected Operation” means an operation of an aircraft within 100 m of, and below the top of, a natural or man-made object.” This means that you must fly your drone at a height where, if you lose control, the drone cannot pass through the object and escape to the area beyond it.
UAS Remote Pilot. is the person who manipulates the UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System), is responsible for compliance with the operational safety regulations of the UAS
Remote Controlled Aircraft System. A set of configurable elements made up of a remotely piloted aircraft, its associated UAS remote pilot stations, the necessary command and control links and any other system element that may be required at any point during the flight operation.
Unmanned Aircraft System UAS: is an unmanned aircraft and the equipment necessary for the safe and efficient operation of that aircraft. An unmanned aircraft is a component of UAS.
Flight Control System includes sensors, actuators, computers and all other UAS elements necessary to control the altitude, speed and trajectory of the UAS.
Flight critical system means a system whose failure could have a catastrophic effect on the UAS and/or affect the ability of the UAS to maintain flight. Note: Examples of critical flight systems will include the flight control system, propulsion system, and flight termination system.
Ground control system (GCS), includes actuators and transmitters located on the ground and that act to control the altitude, speed and trajectory of the UAS.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). – Equipment that emits distinctive signals on designated frequencies and, depending on the application, can be activated automatically by impact or activated manually.
Flight Crew. A person in charge of tasks essential to the flight operation of a UAS, during any phase of the flight.
UAS operator. It is the natural person or an organization who has or leases one or more drones (UAS. The drone operator is responsible for its operation.
Practical Flight Verification is the practical test that an applicant for the UAS Remote Pilot authorization must complete afterward. completing a UAS training course.
VLOS operation. This relates to the ability of the remote UAS pilot, (or in some cases, a secondary observer) to see the drone with their own eyes at all times during flight.
Controlled flight. – Any flight that is subject to an authorization from air traffic control (ATC).
IFR flight. Flight carried out in accordance with instrument flight rules.
VFR flight. Flight carried out in accordance with visual flight rules.
Control zone. Controlled airspace extending upward from the Earth’s surface to a specified upper limit.
Aerodrome transit zone. Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.
Danger zone. Airspace of defined dimensions in which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft can be deployed at certain times.
Restricted area. Airspace of defined dimensions over the territory or jurisdictional waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Restricted area. Airspace of defined dimensions over the territory or jurisdictional waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted, in accordance with certain specified conditions.
CHAPTER A. General provisions
102.001 Application.
This part applies to the operation of Civil “UAS Unmanned Aircraft Systems”, their registration, personnel certification; the eligibility of an Unmanned Aircraft Systems to operate on people in Ecuadorian airspace.
102.003 Registration
No person shall operate an Advanced Category UAS unmanned aircraft system, weighing more than 25 kg, or conducting commercial operations, unless the UAS unmanned aircraft system is registered in accordance with this Part.
102.005 Registration number.
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless the registration number issued in accordance with section 102.003 is clearly visible on the UAS unmanned aircraft system.
102.007 Qualifications to be a registered owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system.
(a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, a person is qualified to be registered as the owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system if he is:
(1) a citizen of Ecuador;
(2) a permanent resident of Ecuador;
(3) a company incorporated under the territorial laws; or
(4) a governmental, municipal, or provincial entity.
(b) No person is qualified to be the registered owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless that person is at least 16 years of age.
102.009 Registration Requirements
(a) The Director General shall, upon receipt of an application submitted pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, register a UAS unmanned aircraft system if the applicant is qualified to be the registered owner of the aircraft; and the applicant submits the application with the following information.
(b) The application will include the following information:
(1) whether the applicant is a natural person,
(i) the name and address of the applicant,
(ii) the date of birth of the applicant, and
(iii) an official document that determine if the applicant is an Ecuadorian citizen or permanent resident of Ecuador;
(2) if the applicant is a company,
(i) the legal name and address of the company, and
(ii) the name and position of the person submitting the request;
(3) if the applicant is a State, governmental, municipal or provincial institution,
(i) the name of the governmental body, and
(ii) the name and position of the person submitting the application;
(4) aircraft information regarding:
(i) where it was purchased by the applicant;
(ii) the date of purchase of the aircraft by the applicant;
(iii) the manufacturer and model of the UAS;
(iv) the UAS serial number, if applicable;
(v) the maximum takeoff weight of the UAS; and
(vi) any Ecuadorian registration number previously issued in respect of the UAS, if applicable.
(c) When the Director General registers a UAS, he shall issue to the registered owner of the aircraft a certificate of registration that includes:
(1) a registration number;
(2) the manufacturer and model, and serial number of the aircraft, if applicable.
102.011 UAS Unmanned Aircraft System Registry File.
The Director General shall establish and maintain a UAS unmanned aircraft system registration file, in which the name and the address of the registered owner;
(b) the registration number mentioned in paragraph 102.009(c)(1); and
(c) any other information relating to the aircraft that the Director General determines is necessary for the registration of the UAS unmanned aircraft system.
102.013 Cancellation of Registration Certificate
(a) Every registered owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall, within seven (calendar) days after becoming aware that any of the following events have occurred, notify the Director General by written that:
(1) the UAS is destroyed;
(2) the UAS is permanently removed from use;
(3) the UAS is missing and the search for the UAS has ended;
(4) the UAS has been missing for 60 days or more; or
(5) the registered owner has transferred legal custody and control of the aircraft.
(b) When an event mentioned in section (a) has occurred, the certificate of registration with respect to a UAS unmanned aircraft system is cancelled.
(c) The UAS unmanned aircraft system registration certificate is also canceled when:
(1) the registered owner of the UAS dies;
(2) an entity that is the registered owner of the UAS is dissolved or merged with another entity; or
(3) the registered person is no longer qualified under section 102.007 as the owner of the UAS.
(d) For the purposes of this Part, an owner has legal custody and control of the UAS unmanned aircraft system, when the owner has full responsibility for operation and maintenance.
102.015 Change of Name or Address
The registered owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall notify the Director General in writing of any change in the name or address of the registered owner no later than seven (calendar) days after the change.
102.017 Access to Registration Certificate
No remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless the issued UAS registration certificate is readily accessible to the remote pilot for the duration of the operation.
CHAPTER B. General rules of operation and flight
CHAPTER B. General rules of operation and flight, applies to all categories unless there is a particular standard
102.018 Remote Pilot UAS
Unmanned Aircraft System UAS.
(a) A Remote UAS pilot of a UAS Unmanned Aircraft System must be in charge before or during the flight of the UAS Unmanned Aircraft System.
(b) The UAS Remote Pilot of the UAS Unmanned Aircraft System is directly responsible for and is the final authority regarding the operation of the UAS Unmanned Aircraft System.
(c) The UAS Remote Pilot must ensure that the UAS Unmanned Aircraft System does not pose an undue risk to other persons, other aircraft or other property in the event of loss of control of the small unmanned aircraft for any reason.
(d) The Remote UAS pilot must ensure that the operation of the UAS complies with all applicable regulations of this chapter.
(e) The UAS Remote Pilot must have the ability to direct the UAS Unmanned Aircraft System to ensure compliance with the applicable provisions of this chapter.
102.019 Visual line of human vision.
(Visual Line of Sight)
(a) Subject to subparagraph (b) of this section, no Remote UAS pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, unless the Remote UAS pilot or a visual observer has the UAS in line. visual of human vision at all times during flight.
(b) A UAS remote pilot may operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, without the UAS remote pilot or a visual observer having the aircraft in visual line of human vision if the operation is conducted in accordance with 102.162, and maintains a Permit of Special Flight Operation “UAS” issued according to section 102.159; or a BVLOS operation is conducted under Chapter F. UAS Operation Beyond Line of Visual BVLOS
102.020 Hazardous Operation.
No person may:
(a) Operate a UAS Unmanned Aircraft System in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another person; or
(b) Allowing an object to be dropped from an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) in a manner that creates a hazard to persons or property.
102.021 Prohibition: Emergency operational security perimeter, Government buildings.
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, over or within the security perimeter established by a public authority in response to an emergency.
(b) Subparagraph (a) above does not apply to the operation of a UAS unmanned aircraft system, for the purpose of an operation to save human lives, a police operation, a firefighting operation or other operation carried out at the service of a public authority.
(c) No UAS remote pilot must operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, on or at a distance of less than 3 nm from: Government Buildings, presidential entourage, military or police units, prisons, prohibited or restricted areas; or Government events, the presidency of the republic, military or police events; or on or inside the established security perimeter area.
102.023 Prohibition: national airspace
No UAS remote pilot operating a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall allow the aircraft to leave national airspace.
102.025 Controlled or Restricted Airspace
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system in controlled airspace, except when permitted by paragraph (c).
(b) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system in Restricted, Prohibited and Hazardous Airspace (reference Regulation 211, section 211.070), unless authorized by the authority specified for such purpose in that regulation.
(c) For the purposes of paragraph (a), the operation of a UAS unmanned aircraft system may be authorized, when the activities on the ground or in controlled airspace are not dangerous for the aircraft operating in that airspace and that do not endanger national security interests; and maintain a Special Flight Operation Permit “UAS” issued pursuant to section 102.159
(d) No remote UAS pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system between controlled or uncontrolled airports, unless authorized by the administrator of each airport, and submit a flight plan to the DGAC.
102.027 Involuntary entry into controlled or restricted airspace
The UAS remote pilot of a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall ensure that the air traffic control unit is immediately notified that the UAS is not under its control and has inadvertently entered the airspace. controlled airspace or restricted airspace, prohibited, dangerous, as specified in Regulation 211, section 211.070.
102.029. Flight Safety
A UAS remote pilot, operating a UAS unmanned aircraft system, will immediately terminate operations if the operational safety or safety of any person is or is likely to be endangered.
102.031 Right of way
The UAS remote pilot of a UAS unmanned aircraft system must yield the way to aircraft, airships, gliders, hot air balloons, paragliders, parachutists, at any time.
102.033 Collision Prevention
No UAS remote pilot will operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system near another aircraft that causes a risk of collision.
102.035 Fitness of crew members
(a) No person shall act as a crew member of a UAS unmanned aircraft system if the person:
(1) suffers or is likely to suffer fatigue; or
(2) is unable to properly perform duties as a UAS remote pilot.
(b) No person shall act as a crew member of a UAS unmanned aircraft system.
(1) within 12 hours of consuming an alcoholic beverage;
(2) under the influence of alcohol; or
(3) while using any incapacitating substance or drug that impairs the person’s faculties to the extent that the safety or security of any person is endangered or there is a likelihood of danger.
102.037 UAS Operation:
Visual Observers
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system if visual observers are used to assist the UAS remote pilot in providing detect and avoid functions, unless reliable communication is maintained and timely between the remote UAS pilot and each visual observer during the operation.
(b) During the operation, the visual observer must communicate information to the remote UAS pilot in a timely manner, when detecting conflicting air traffic, dangers to operational safety or dangers to people on the surface.
(c) No visual observer shall perform visual observer duties for more than one UAS unmanned aircraft system at a time, unless the aircraft is operated in accordance with subsection 102.077(1) or in accordance with an Operating Permit. Special Flight “POVE” – issued under section 102.159.
(d) No person shall perform visual observer duties while operating a moving vehicle, vessel, or aircraft.
102.039 Compliance with Instructions
Every member of the crew of a UAS unmanned aircraft system must, during flight time, comply with the instructions of the UAS remote pilot.
102.041 Transportation of People.
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system that transports persons, except in accordance with a special Flight Operation Certificate issued under section 102.159.
102.043 Procedures
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless the following procedures are established:
(1) normal operations, including preflight, takeoff, launch, approach, landing, and recovery procedures; and
(2) emergency procedures, including with respect to
(i) a control station failure,
(ii) an equipment failure,
(iii) a UAS unmanned aircraft system failure,
(iv) a loss of command and control link,
(v) loss of control, and
(vi) sudden termination of flight.
(b) If the manufacturer of the unmanned aircraft system UAS provides instructions with respect to the topics mentioned in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2), the procedures established in section (a) must reflect those instructions.
(c) No UAS remote pilot will conduct takeoff or launch of a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless the procedures set forth in section (a) are reviewed prior to flight by each crew member and are immediately available to them.
(d) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless the operation is carried out in accordance with the procedures established in a)2) of this section
102.045 Pre-flight information
The UAS remote pilot of a unmanned aircraft system UAS, must, before commencing a flight, be familiar with the available information that is relevant to the intended flight, including:
a) The results of the inspection conducted under section 102.051.
b) The manufacturer’s information,
c) The qualification of the UAS crew members
102.047 Maximum height
(a) Subject to literal (b) of this section, no UAS remote pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft at a height greater than
(1) 400 ft. (120 m) AGL; or
(2) 100 ft. (30 m) above any building or structure, if the aircraft is being operated at a horizontal distance of less than 60 m from the building or structure.
(b) A UAS remote pilot may operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system at an altitude greater than those established in subparagraph (a) of this section, if the operation is carried out in accordance with a Special Flight Operation Permit. “POVE”, issued under section 102.159.
102.049 Horizontal distance
Unless the operation is conducted under the advanced category, no pilot shall operate
(a) a UAS unmanned aircraft system to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from a person who is not involved in the operation; or
(b) an unmanned aircraft system UAS to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of less than 500 feet (152.4 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from a person not involved in the operation.
102.051 Site Inspection
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless, prior to commencing operations, he or she determines that the site and environment for takeoff, launch, landing, or recovery is suitable for the proposed operation. through a site inspection that takes into account the following factors:
(a) the boundaries of the area of operation;
(b) the type of airspace and applicable regulatory requirements;
(c) the heights and routes to be used for takeoff, launch, approach, departure and landing from the area of operation;
(d) the proximity of manned aircraft operations;
(e) the proximity of aerodromes, airports and heliports;
(f) the location and height of obstacles, including cables, masts, buildings, poles, cell phone towers, and wind turbines;
(g) the prevailing climatic and environmental conditions in the area of operation; and
(h) the horizontal distances of people not involved in the operation.
(i) In the case of BVLOS operations, the distance from any populated area.
102.053 Other Preflight Requirements
The UAS remote pilot of a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall, before initiating a flight,
(a) ensure that there is a sufficient amount of fuel or power to safely complete the flight;
(b) ensure that each crew member, before acting as a crew member, has been instructed
(1) with respect to the duties he or she is required to perform, and
(2) on the location and use of any safety equipment. emergency associated with the operation of the UAS unmanned aircraft system; and
(c) determine the maximum distance that the aircraft can travel from the remote UAS pilot’s position, without jeopardizing operational safety or the safety of any person in the area of operation.
102.055 Airworthiness of the UAS unmanned aircraft system.
No UAS remote pilot shall execute the takeoff or launch of a UAS unmanned aircraft system, unless the UAS remote pilot ensures that:
(a) The UAS unmanned aircraft system is in airworthy condition;
(b) the unmanned aircraft UAS system has been maintained by completing all required actions, in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer or the person who has made a declaration referred to in section 901.194 with respect to that model of aircraft.
UAS system and, if applicable, the UAS operator’s maintenance control manual; and
(c) all equipment required by this part or the manufacturer’s instructions, including any element of the UAS system necessary to support the operation of the unmanned aircraft system, is installed, if applicable, and in serviceable condition.
102.057 Availability of the UAS unmanned aircraft system operation manual.
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall execute the takeoff or launch of a UAS unmanned aircraft system, unless operational manuals applicable to the UAS unmanned aircraft system are immediately available to crew members during the proposed operation.
(b) No UAS remote pilot will execute the takeoff or launch of a UAS unmanned aircraft system from a BVLOS operation under advanced category unless the operations manual is immediately available to the UAS crew.
102.059 instructions and manuals
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system unless it is operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (manual), operational manuals; and if applicable with the Maintenance Control Manual.
102.061 Control of UAS unmanned aircraft system
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system that is not designed to allow the intervention of the UAS Remote Pilot in the management of the flight.
102.063 Takeoffs, launches, approaches, landings and recovery
The UAS remote pilot of a UAS unmanned aircraft system must, before takeoff, launch, approach, landing or recovery:
(a) ensure that there is no probability of collision with another aircraft, person or obstacle; and
(b) ensure that the location reserved for takeoff, launch, landing or recovery, as the case may be, is suitable for the proposed operation.
102.065 Minimum Weather Conditions
(1) No pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system to conduct a VLOS operation unless weather conditions at the time of flight permit.
(a) the operation will be conducted in accordance with any operating manual applicable to the unmanned aircraft system of which the aircraft is an element; and
(b) the pilot or any visual observer to conduct the entire flight in VLOS.
(2) If ground visibility is four miles or less, no pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of more than half the ground visibility, unless the operation is conducted In accordance with a special flight operation certificate issued under section 102.159
(3). Subject to subsection (4), no pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system to conduct a BVLOS operation unless the distance of the aircraft at clouds is not less than 500 feet (152.4 m) vertically and 2,000 feet (609.6 m) horizontally. And
(a) in the case of an operation conducted during the day, the terrain visibility is not less than two miles; or
(b) in the case of an operation conducted at night, terrain visibility is not less than three miles.
(4) A pilot may operate an unmanned aircraft system to conduct a BVLOS operation when the distance from clouds or ground visibility is less than that established in subsection (3) if
(i) a stated declaration has been made in section 901.194 with respect to the model of the UAS unmanned aircraft system of which the aircraft is an element and with respect to the technical requirements established in section 922.10, and the operating manuals applicable to the UAS unmanned aircraft system allow its operation in such conditions; or
(ii) the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate issued under section 102.159.
102.067 Icing
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system when icing conditions are observed, reported to exist, or are likely to be encountered along the flight path, unless that the aircraft be equipped with de-icing or anti-icing equipment and equipment designed to detect the formation of ice.
(b) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system with frost, ice, or snow adhering to any part of the UAS unmanned aircraft system.
102.069 Formation flight.
No UAS remote pilot will operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system in formation with another UAS, except by prior agreement between the UAS pilots regarding the planned flight, and prior authorization from the DGAC.
102.071 Prohibition — Operation from Moving Vehicles, Vessels, and Manned Aircraft
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system while the person is operating a moving vehicle, vessel, or manned aircraft.
102.073 Use of first-person view devices
a) Unless the operation is conducted under the advanced category, no pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system using a first-person view device unless a visual observer maintains contact with unaided visual airspace with airspace beyond the field of view displayed on the device to detect conflicting air traffic and other hazards and take action to avoid them.
102.074 Anti-collision lights
(a) Subject to subsection (3), no pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation unless the aircraft is equipped with anti-collision lights and those lights are on.
(b) For purposes of subsection (a), anti-collision lights shall
(1) be white in color;
(2) for night operations, be visible using night vision goggles;
(3) flash at a rate of not less than 40 nor more than 100 cycles per minute;
(4) be visible in all directions within 75 degrees above and below the horizontal plane of the aircraft, except for solid angles of obstructed visibility that do not total more than 0.5 steradians; and
(5) be of such intensity that they are visible in all directions from a distance of not less than one mile.
(c) Anti-collision lights may be turned off if the UAS remote pilot determines that, due to operating conditions, doing so would be in the interest of operational safety
102.075 Night flights
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system during the night unless the unmanned aircraft is equipped with lights that are sufficient to allow the unmanned aircraft to be visible to the pilot or a visual observer, whether with or without night vision goggles, and these lights are on.
(a) No remote UAS pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system at night unless visibility conditions allow the pilot to see the UAS and any obstacles or personnel within the intended trajectory of the UAS operation.
102.077 Simultaneous operation of several UAS unmanned aircraft systems.
(a) Subject to subsections (b) and (c), no UAS remote pilot shall operate more than one unmanned aircraft at a time unless
(1) the aircraft are operated to conduct a VLOS operation;
(2) the aircraft are operated in accordance with the operating manuals applicable to the unmanned aircraft system;
(3) the unmanned aircraft system is designed to allow the operation of multiple aircraft from a single control station; and
(4) no more than five aircraft are operated at a time.
(b) A pilot may operate more than five unmanned aircraft at a time if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate – issued pursuant to section 102.159.
(c) A UAS remote pilot may operate more than
(1) unmanned aircraft at a time to conduct an operation other than a VLOS operation if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate – issued under section 102,159.
102.079 Special aviation events and advertised events.
(a) No remote pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system in any publicized event, except in accordance with a special flight operations certificate – issued under section 102.159.
(b) Subsection (a) does not apply to the operation of an unmanned aircraft system for the purpose of a life-saving operation, a police operation, a firefighting operation or any other operation carried out in the service of a public authority.
(c) For purposes of subsection (a), advertised event means an outdoor or indoor event that is advertised to the general public, including a concert, festival, market, or sporting event.
102.081 Transfer of Control
No UAS remote pilot shall transfer his or her control responsibilities to another UAS remote pilot during flight unless, prior to takeoff or launch of a UAS unmanned aircraft system,
(a) prior agreement has been reached with regarding the transfer of control between UAS pilots; and
(b) a procedure has been developed and complies with to mitigate the risk of loss of control of the aircraft.
102.083 Payload
(a) Subject to subparagraph (b) of this section, no UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system if the UAS carries a payload that:
(1) includes explosive, corrosive, flammable, or biomaterial. -dangerous;
(2) includes weapons, ammunition or other equipment designed for military use;
(3) could create an aviation safety hazard or cause injury to persons; or
(4) is attached to the UAS aircraft by a line unless such operation is carried out in accordance with the operations manual applicable to the system.
(b) A UAS remote pilot may operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system when the UAS carries a payload referred to in the preceding paragraph if the operation is performed in accordance with a “POVE” Special Flight Operation Permit. – issued pursuant to section 102.159; and have the corresponding permits from the competent authority.
102.085 Flight Termination System
No UAS remote pilot shall activate a system that terminates the flight of a UAS unmanned aircraft if it endangers or could endanger the operational safety of any person.
102.087 ELT. Emergency locator transmitter
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, equipped with an ELT.
102.089 Reserved
102.091 Operations at or in the vicinity of an aerodrome, airport or heliport
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, at or near an aerodrome, airport, or heliport, in a manner that could interfere with an aircraft operating in the established traffic pattern.
(b) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of less than:
(1) five nautical miles from the center of an airport; and
(2) one nautical mile from the center of a heliport.
(c) No UAS remote pilot will operate an unmanned aircraft to perform a BVLOS operation when the unmanned aircraft is at a distance of less than five nautical miles from the center of an aerodrome that is published in the AIP of the General Directorate of Civil Aviation, unless the operation is carried out in accordance with a special flight operations certificate – XXXX issued under section 102.159, and has an authorization from the airport operator.
(d) No UAS remote pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft when the aircraft is within five nautical miles of the center of an aerodrome operated under the authority of the Minister of National Defense, unless authorized by the operating authority, the airport.
102.093 Records.
(a) Every owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system, in advanced category (chapter D), or weighing more than 25 kg, or in commercial operation, must maintain the following records:
(1) a record that contains the names of the UAS remote pilots and other crew members participating in each flight and, with respect to the system, the time of each flight or series of flights; and
(2) a record containing details of any mandatory actions and any other maintenance, modification or repair actions performed on the UAS system, including
(i) the names of the persons who performed them,
(ii) the dates on which they were performed carried out,
(iii) in the case of a modification, the manufacturer, model and a description of the part or equipment installed to modify the UAS system, and
(iv) if applicable, the instructions provided to complete the work.
(b) Every owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system will ensure that the records mentioned in the previous paragraph are made available to the DGAC upon request and are kept for a period of:
(1) in the case of the records referred to in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 12 months after the day they are created; and
(2) in the case of records referred to in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, 24 months after the day they are created.
(c) Any owner of a UAS unmanned aircraft system who transfers ownership of the UAS system to another person shall, at the time of the transfer, deliver to that person all records referred to in paragraph (a)(2).
102.094 Object Launching
No remote pilot may create a hazard to persons or property on the surface by launching objects from a UAS unmanned aircraft
102.095 Incidents and Accidents — Associated Measures
(a) A remote pilot operating a UAS unmanned aircraft system shall immediately suspend its operations if any of the following incidents or accidents occur until an analysis of the cause of the incident has been conducted and corrective measures have been taken to mitigate the risk of recurrence of:
(1) injury to any person;
(2) unintentional contact between the UAS aircraft and people;
(3) unforeseen damage incurred to the fuselage, control station, payload, or command and control links that adversely affects the performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft;
(4) each time the aircraft does not remain within the horizontal limits or altitude limits established in the regulation;
(5) any collision or risk of collision with another aircraft;
(6) each time the aircraft becomes uncontrollable, spins away, or gets lost; and
(7) any incident not mentioned in paragraphs (1) through (6) for which a police report has been filed or for which a Civil Aviation Incident Report has resulted.
(b) The UAS remote pilot of the UAS unmanned aircraft system will maintain and make available to the DGAC upon request, a record of any analysis performed in accordance with literal (a) of this section for a period of 12 months after the day the record is created.
102.096 Unmanned aircraft system operation UAS, VISUAL LINE OF SIGHT VLOS
a) With direct vision, without the help of any optical or electronic device, the UAS remote pilot and/or observer must observe the unmanned aircraft at all times to:
1. Know the location of the aircraft,
2. Determine the altitude and direction of flight of the aircraft,
3. Observe the airspace for traffic and hazards,
4. Determine that the aircraft does not endanger people or the integrity of property.
5. Operate the aircraft in visual conditions outside of clouds.
CHAPTER C. Basic Operations.
102.097 Applicability.
This chapter applies with respect to the operation of unmanned aircraft systems and that are not intended to perform any of the advanced operations mentioned in section 102.111
102.099 Requirements for handling UAS (remote pilot)
(a) A person under 14 years of age may manipulate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, if under the direct supervision of a person of legal age and who can manipulate a UAS unmanned aircraft system.
(b) A person to operate unmanned aircraft in the advanced operations category (commercial operations and/or operations with an unmanned aircraft system UAS weighing more than 25 Kg); must maintain a “UAS Remote Pilot Authorization” to operate UAS unmanned aircraft system.
102.100 UAS special operations.
a) A UAS unmanned aircraft system (up to 25 kg) can operate on privately owned rural land for business or as part of its work, as long as no type of payment for services is involved, this private operation does not You need a clearance, or UAS remote pilot clearance.
b) Examples of the types of operations that can be performed in this operation include:
• aerial sighting
• inspections of crops, livestock or equipment
• Surveying
• agricultural operations
• cargo transportation.
c) requirements:
1) only fly the UAS within the limits of your property,
2) The flight of the UAS must meet the requirements of CHAPTER B. General rules of operation and flight
3) The remote pilot UAS unmanned aircraft system UAS, you should not accept payment for your services.
Reserved: 102.102 – 102.109
CHAPTER D. Advanced Operations
102.111 Applicability.
This chapter applies in relation to UAS unmanned aircraft systems that are intended to operate:
(a) Commercial operations, or weighing greater than 25 kg,
(b) at a distance of less than 30 m, but not less than 5 m from another person except a crew member or other person involved in the operation, measured horizontally and at any altitude, in accordance with the manufacturer’s design (102.125); or
(c) at a distance of less than 5 m from another person, measured horizontally and at any altitude, in accordance with the manufacturer’s design (102.125).
102.113 UAS Remote Pilot Authorization Requirements.
(a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, no person shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system under this chapter (UAS unmanned aircraft system, weighing more than 25 kg or in commercial operations), unless that the person:
(1) is at least 16 years of age; and
(2) is the holder of an Unmanned Aircraft System UAS Remote Pilot Authorization, for Advanced Operations issued under section 102.115.
(b) The preceding paragraph does not apply to a person who is:
(1) under 16 years of age if the operation of the UAS unmanned aircraft system is carried out under the direct supervision of a person 16 years of age or more and that can operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system, under this RDAC; or
(2) operator of an unmanned aircraft system UAS, as part of a Practical Flight Check to comply with the requirement established in paragraph 102.115(c).
102.115 Requirement – Issuance of Remote Pilot Authorization
UAS UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM UAS.
ADVANCED OPERATIONS
In Advanced category operations, or Commercial operations, or of weight greater than 25 kg, of UAS unmanned aircraft system, require that the UAS remote pilot possess a UAS remote pilot authorization unmanned aircraft system UAS for advanced operations, issued under this chapter.
The Director General, upon receipt of an application, will issue a UAS Remote Pilot, UAS Unmanned Aircraft System, Advanced Operations authorization if the applicant demonstrates to the Director General that the applicant:
(a) is at least 16 years of age; and
(b) has successfully completed the “UAS unmanned aircraft system – Advanced Operations” exam which is based on “Appendix A” of this Regulation for pilots of UAS unmanned aircraft system systems, operating within the line -Vista visual (VLOS).
(c) has successfully completed, within 12 months prior to the date of application, a Practical Flight Check in accordance with Appendix A of this Regulation, carried out by a person qualified (examiner) to carry out Practical Flight Checks under section 102.143.
(d) prove UAS flight experience of at least 05:00 hours
102.117 Recent requirements.
(a) No holder of a UAS remote pilot authorization for advanced operations UAS unmanned aircraft system shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system under this Part unless the holder has, within 24 months prior to flight,
(1) have received a UAS remote pilot authorization for UAS unmanned aircraft system, in advanced operations in accordance with section 102.115; or
(2) successfully completed
(i) the examination referred to in paragraph 102.115(b),
(ii) a Practical Flight Check referred to in paragraph 102.115(c), or
(iii) any of the established periodic training activities in Appendix “A” of this Part.
(b) The person referred to in the preceding paragraph shall maintain a record of all activities completed in accordance with paragraph (a)(2), including the dates on which they were completed, for at least 24 months. after the day they were completed.
102.119 Access to the Certificate and Practical Flight Verification.
No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system under this Part unless the following requirements of section (a) are readily accessible to a DGAC inspector or legal authority during the operation of the system:
(a) UAS remote pilot authorization of a remotely operated UAS unmanned aircraft system (VLOS) for advanced operations issued pursuant to section 102.115; and
(b) if documentation is required that demonstrates that the UAS remote pilot meets the Practical Flight Verification requirements established in section 102.117.
102.121 Examination Rules
No person shall, with respect to an examination conducted under this chapter:
(a) copy or delete from any place all or part of the text of the examination;
(b) give help or accept help from any person during the examination; either
(c) complete all or part of the exam on behalf of any other person.
102.123 Repetition of an exam or Practical Flight Verification.
A person who fails a test or Practical Flight Check conducted under this Chapter is not eligible to retake the test or Practical Flight Check for a period of 72 hours after the test or Practical Flight Check.
Manufacturer Specifications –.
102.125 Permitted Operations
No UAS remote pilot shall operate an unmanned aircraft system under this category to perform any of the following operations unless the manufacturer maintains operational specifications under section 102.135 with respect to that system model and maintains technical manufacturing requirements , applicable to the operation:
(a) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft in controlled airspace;
(b) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft at a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m) but not less than 16.4 feet (5 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not involved in the operation. operation;
(c) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft at a distance of less than 16.4 feet (5 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not participating in the operation;
(d) operation of an unmanned aircraft to conduct a protected operation in controlled airspace;
(e) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft at a distance of 500 feet (152.4 m) or more, measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not participating in the operation;
(f) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft at a distance of less than 500 feet (152.4 m) but not less than 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not participating in the operation;
(g) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft at a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not participating in the operation; or
(h) VLOS operation of an unmanned aircraft in controlled airspace.
102.127 Operation of a Modified UAS unmanned aircraft system.
No UAS remote pilot shall conduct any of the operations conducted in section 102.125, using a UAS unmanned aircraft system, which has been modified in any way, unless
(a) the UAS remote pilot can demonstrate to the Director General that, to Despite the modification, the system continues to comply with the technical requirements established in the operations mentioned in subsection 102.125(1) for which the manufacturer maintains operational specifications; and
(b) if applicable, the modification was made in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of the part or equipment used to modify the UAS unmanned aircraft system.
102.129 Operations in Controlled Airspace
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system in airspace controlled under this chapter unless an authorization has been issued by the air traffic service provider in the area of operation. prior to a proposed operation and the following information has been said to have been provided to ATC:
1) the date, time and duration of the operation;
2) the category, registration and physical characteristics of the UAS;
3) the vertical and horizontal limits of the area of operation;
4) the flight route to access the area of operation;
5) the proximity of the area of operation to the approaches and departures of manned aircraft and to the traffic patterns used by manned aircraft;
6) the means by which two-way communications will be maintained with the appropriate air traffic control unit;
7) the name, contact information, and UAS remote pilot certificate number of any UAS pilot;
8) the procedures and flight profiles to be followed in the event of the loss of a command and control link;
9) the procedures to follow in emergency situations;
10) the process and time required to complete the operation; and
11) any other information required by the air traffic service provider that is necessary for the provision of air traffic management services.
(b) Notwithstanding section 102.047, a UAS remote pilot may operate a remotely piloted aircraft in the airspace controlled under this chapter at an altitude higher than those mentioned in that section if the air traffic service provider has issued a specific authorization for this purpose in the area of operation.
102.131 Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions. –
The UAS remote pilot of the UAS unmanned aircraft system, operating in the airspace controlled under this chapter, must comply with all air traffic control instructions directed to the UAS pilot.
102.133 Operations at or near an airport or heliport — Established procedure
(a) No UAS remote pilot shall operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system system under this chapter if the aircraft is located within five nautical miles of the center of an airport or within one nautical mile of the center of a heliport, unless that the operation is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the airport or heliport regarding the use of unmanned aircraft system UAS. (an airport or heliport may publish procedures and prohibitions for these operations).
(b) NON-Controlled Airports, No UAS remote pilot will operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system under this chapter if the aircraft is within the boundaries established for the airport or at an altitude that affects the approach, landing, and takeoff paths, or against any limitations that the airport operator has established.
(c) The above operations can only be carried out based on a specific permit from the airport, aerodrome or heliport service provider.
102.134. Extended VLOS operations and protected operations.
(a) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system under this category to conduct an extended VLOS operation or a protected operation unless
(1) the remote pilot and control station is located at the site reserved for takeoff, launch, landing or recovery at the time of those activities;
(2) the unmanned aircraft is within a distance of no more than two nautical miles from the UAS remote pilot, control position, and visual observer at any time during the flight; and
(3) the operation is conducted at a distance of at least 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not involved in the operation.
(b) No remote pilot shall operate a remotely operated unmanned aircraft system under this category to conduct extended VLOS operation unless a visual observer maintains unaided visual contact with the airspace in which the remotely operated unmanned aircraft is operating. sufficiently to detect conflicting air traffic and other hazards and take action to avoid them.
Manufacturer’s Operational Specifications
102.135 Manufacturer’s Requirements.
(1) For each model of unmanned aircraft system UAS that is intended to perform any of the operations mentioned in subsection 102.125 (1), the manufacturer shall provide operational specifications in accordance with subsection (2), except in the case of a model referred to in subsection 102.125(2) and that is intended to perform any of the operations referred to in said subsection.
(2) The manufacturer’s operational specifications shall:
(a) specify the model of the system, the maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft, the operations mentioned in subsection 102.125(1) that the aircraft is intended to perform and the category of aircraft, such as fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, hybrid aircraft or lighter-than-air aircraft;
(b) mention
(i) declares that it complies with the documentation requirements established in section 102.139, and
(ii) that the UAS unmanned aircraft system complies with the technical requirements required by the authority of the country of design who approved its manufacture.
(3) The manufacturer’s operational specification is not valid if
(a) the authority of the country of design who approved its manufacture has determined that the unmanned aircraft system UAS system model does not meet the technical requirements established in the design.
(b) The manufacturer has reported to the authority of the country of design that approved its manufacture a problem related to the design of the model under section 102.037.
102.137 Notice to the authority of the country of design.
A manufacturer that maintains the operational specifications for a model in relation to section 102.135 must notify the authority of the country of design that approved its manufacture, any problem related to the design of the unmanned aircraft system UAS system model that results in that the system no longer meets the technical requirements established in the manufacturing standard.
102.139 Manufacturer Documentation –
A manufacturer that maintains operational specifications with respect to a model of remotely controlled unmanned aircraft system UAS pursuant to section 102.135 shall make available to each owner of that UAS:
(a) a maintenance program that includes
(i) instructions related to the servicing and maintenance of the UAS unmanned aircraft system, and
(ii) an inspection program to maintain the availability of the UAS unmanned aircraft system;
(b) any mandatory action that the manufacturer issues with respect to the UAS unmanned aircraft system; and
(c) a UAS unmanned aircraft system system operation manual that includes
(i) a description of the UAS unmanned aircraft system,
(ii) the ranges of weights and centers of gravity within which the UAS unmanned aircraft system Unmanned aircraft UAS can operate safely under normal and emergency conditions and, if a weight and center of gravity combination is considered safe only within certain load limits, those limits and the corresponding weight and center of gravity combinations,
(iii) with respect to each phase of flight and mode of operation, the minimum and maximum altitudes and speeds within which the UAS can safely operate under normal and emergency conditions,
(iv) a description of the effects of the conditions foreseeable weather or other environmental conditions on the performance of both the UAS unmanned aircraft system and the UAS remote pilot,
(v) the characteristics of the UAS unmanned aircraft system that could cause serious injury to crew members during normal operations,
(vi) the design characteristics of the UAS unmanned aircraft system, and its associated operations, that are intended to protect against injury to persons not participating in the operations,
(vii) the warning information provided to the remote pilot UAS in the event of a degradation in the performance of the UAS unmanned aircraft system resulting in an unsafe system operating condition,
(viii) procedures for operating the UAS unmanned aircraft system under normal and emergency conditions, and
(ix) UAS unmanned aircraft system assembly and adjustment instructions.
102.141 Recordkeeping
(1) A manufacturer that maintains operational specifications with respect to a model of unmanned aircraft system UAS under section 102.135 shall maintain and make available to the authority of the country of design who approved its manufacture,
(a) a current record of all mandatory actions with respect to the UAS unmanned aircraft system; and
(b) a current record of the results and reports related to the verifications that the manufacturer has performed to ensure that the model of the UAS unmanned aircraft system meets the technical requirements established in the manufacturing standard, applicable to operations for which operational specifications are maintained.
CHAPTER E Practical Flight Check
102.143 Prohibition
No person shall perform the functions of flight examiner for the purposes of paragraphs 102.115(c) or 102.117(a)(2)(ii) unless that person:
(a) is holder of a remote pilot authorization UAS unmanned aircraft system UAS (VLOS) for advanced operations, supported by a flight examiner qualification in accordance with section 102.145 and
(b) is able to demonstrate that he belongs to a training center, meeting the requirements of Appendix A, for visual line-of-sight (VLOS) UAS unmanned aircraft system
102.145 Flight examiner qualification
The Director General, upon receipt of an application, shall approve the application for a flight examiner qualification if the applicant demonstrates:
(a) is at least 18 years of age;
(b) is the holder of an advanced operations UAS unmanned aircraft system (VLOS) remote pilot authorization issued pursuant to section 102.115 and meets the recent requirements requirements established in section 102.117;
(c) has been the holder of the authorization described in the previous paragraph, for at least six months prior to the date of the application submitted; and
(d) has successfully completed the “Unmanned Aircraft System UAS Flight Examiners” examination in accordance with Appendix A of this Regulation.
102.147 Examination Rules
No person shall commit an act referred to in paragraphs 102.121(a) through (c) with respect to an examination conducted under paragraph 102.145(d).
102.149 Retake Examination
A person who fails an examination administered pursuant to paragraph 102.145(d) is not eligible to retake the examination for a period of 72 hours after the examination.
102.151 Training center requirements.
When a training center makes a declaration to the Director General as described in 102.143 (b), the center must:
(a) submit to the Director General the name of the UAS Remote Pilot who belongs to the center and who intends to perform the functions. flight examiner duties;
(b) ensure that the person mentioned in the previous paragraph performs Practical Flight Checks in accordance with section 102.153; and
(c) if the person referred to in paragraph (a) ceases to belong to the training center, he shall notify the Director General of such fact within seven days following the day on which he ceases his duties.
(d) A UAS training center, as determined in this part, shall be certified under RDAC Part 141. Civil Aeronautics Training Centers.
102.153 Conducting Practical Flight Checks
No person shall conduct a Practical Flight Check for the purposes of 102.115(c) or 102.117(a)(2)(ii) unless the Practical Flight Check is conducted in accordance with Appendix A to this Part.
CHAPTER F Special flight operations
102.155 Prohibition
No person shall perform any of the following operations using a UAS unmanned aircraft system system, including a UAS unmanned aircraft system with a maximum take-off weight of 250 g (0 .55 pounds) or more, unless the person complies with the provisions for the Special Flight Operations Permit “POVE” issued by the Director General under section 102.159:
(a) the operation of a system that includes a UAS unmanned aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight of more than 25 kg (55 lb);
(b) the operation of a beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) UAS unmanned aircraft system, as referenced in subsection 102.019(b); 102.162
(c) the operation of an unmanned aircraft system UAS by a foreign operator or remote UAS pilot who has been authorized to operate an unmanned aircraft system UAS by a foreign country,
(d) the operation of an aircraft system unmanned UAS at an altitude higher than those mentioned in subsection 102.047(a); unless operation at a higher altitude is authorized under subsection 102.129(b), 102.162
(e) the operation of more than five unmanned aircraft UAS systems at a time from a single control station, as mentioned in the subsection 102.077(b);
(f) the operation of a UAS unmanned aircraft system at a special aviation event or at an announced event, as mentioned in section 102.079;
(g) the operation of a UAS unmanned aircraft system when the aircraft is carrying any of the payloads mentioned in subsection 102.083(a);
(h) the operation of unmanned aircraft system UAS, within five nautical miles of an airfield operated under the authority of the Minister of National Defense, as mentioned in subsection 102.091(c); and
(i) any other operation of an unmanned aircraft system UAS, for which the Director General determines that a special flight operation permit “POVE” is necessary to ensure the operational safety of aviation or the safety of any person.
102.157 Application of the Special Flight Operations “POVE” permit
A person who intends to operate a UAS unmanned aircraft system for any operation established in section 102.155 shall apply to the Director General for a special flight operations permit “POVE” with respect to such transaction by submitting the following information to the Director General at least 30 days prior to the proposed transaction date:
(a) the legal name or business name, address and contact information of the applicant;
(b) the means by which the person responsible for the operation or the remote UAS pilot can be contacted directly during operations;
(c) the operation for which the application is submitted;
(d) the purpose of the operation;
(e) the dates, alternative dates and times of the operation;
(f) the manufacturer and model of the system, including drawings or photographs of three views of the aircraft and a complete description of the aircraft, including performance, operating limitations, and equipment;
(g) a description of the operational security plan for the proposed area of operation;
(h) a description of the emergency contingency plan for the operation;
(i) a detailed plan describing how the operation will be carried out;
(j) the names, clearances and qualifications of crew members, including UAS pilots and visual observers, and UAS unmanned aircraft system maintenance personnel;
(k) instructions regarding maintenance of the system and a description of how such maintenance will be performed;
(l) a description of the meteorological minima for the operation;
(m) a description of the capability and procedures to avoid collisions and separation;
(n) a description of the normal and emergency procedures for the operation; and
(o) any other information requested by the Director General relevant to the safe conduct of the operation.
102.159 Issuance of Special Flight Operation Permit “POVE”
The Director General shall, upon receipt of an application submitted in accordance with section 102.157, issue a “special flight operating permit “POVE” if the applicant demonstrates to the Director General the ability to carry out the operation without adversely affecting the operational safety of aviation or the safety of any person.
CHAPTER G UAS Operation beyond the Line of Visual BVLOS
Basic BVLOS OPERATION.
102.162 Basic BVLOS operation.
General requirements
The BVLOS operation that is carried out under the basic operation, has the following regulations:
(i) a) All critical flight components in the UAS or UAS subsystems affecting the safety of operations, must be designed and installed in such a way that: It would function as intended under the meteorological and operational conditions of the UAS for which it is designed.
(ii) All other equipment/components, if rendered inoperable, must not reduce the level of operational safety and must not adversely affect the proper functioning of all critical flight components.
b) The UAS must be designed to minimize system degradation and/or failures that, at a minimum, address the following:
(i) Total loss of power in the avionics and propulsion system.
(ii) Total loss of power to the Ground Control System (GCS)
(iii) Loss of the ability of the UAS to navigate within the accuracy allowed by the system.
(iv) Loss of the ability to make autonomous decisions
(v) Conditions of catastrophic or dangerous failure.
c) The UAS Remote Pilot shall be alert for UAS system failures or unsafe conditions that will result in one or more of the following:
(i) Degradation of UAS flight performance;
(ii) Possible failure of any critical flight system on board the UAS;
(iii) Eventual loss of the ability to maintain situational alert for air traffic, terrain, obstacles and/or weather; or
(iv) Possible loss of propulsion. The UAS Remote Pilot must implement the relevant corrective actions stipulated in the Flight Manual.
d) The UAS Remote Pilot must be alert for failures of critical UAS systems or unsafe conditions that could result in one or more of the following:
(i) Severe degradation of UAS flight performance, such that the UAS cannot maintain its flight path or current location;
(ii) Failure of any onboard UAS critical flight system.
(iii) Loss of ability to maintain situational alert of air traffic, terrain, obstacles and/or weather;
The UAS Remote Pilot shall be able to execute an emergency recovery in the event of critical system failure, as soon as possible.
e) In the event of multiple failures, UAS management (manually by the UAS Remote Pilot or automatically by the UAS) must prioritize and manage the failures in order of severity.
f) The UAS remote pilot must ensure that the UAS remains entirely within the predefined geographic area of operations at all times. This can be achieved through programmable technology or physical operational limitations, such as flying in an enclosed area.
g) Adequate means must be established to maintain situational alert of the UAS remote pilot, and its surroundings (both in the air and on the ground). Examples will include monitoring flight paths and flight corridors and/or having onboard systems to avoid collisions with obstacles.
h) Before and during the operation, meteorological conditions must be monitored throughout the operations area. If weather conditions deteriorate beyond what the UAS is designed for, the UAS must recover immediately.
102.164 Basic BVLOS operation.
Operational Requirements
a) Landing areas, including emergency landing areas (defined during pre-flight), must allow for the recovery of the UAS in an expeditious manner taking into account appropriate safety and security considerations.
102.166 Basic BVLOS operation.
Software Requirements
a) All software and firmware implemented in the UAS must be functional in all phases of the flights. Verifications can be performed through analysis or testing, paying special attention to functionalities that are critical to flight or where their failure will lead to dangerous or catastrophic failure conditions.
102.168 Basic BVLOS operation.
Screen Requirements
a) UAS information must be downloaded to the Ground Control System (GCS) in a clear and unambiguous manner during all phases of the flight, at an update rate consistent with safe operations, and not represent a burden unnecessary work for the UAS Remote Pilot. The information that will be displayed must include, among others, the following:
(i) Performance indicators and functional status of the UAS. For example: altitude, speed, heading, position and propulsion system data, battery status, fuel gauge
(ii) UAS control mode (GCS ID or UAS Remote Pilot in UAS control)
(iii) Control messages UAS system warning and failure to alert the UAS Remote Pilot of any failure or corrective action required. Corrective actions must be accomplished automatically by the UAS, or manually by the UAS Remote Pilot
b) Where the Ground Control System (GCS) is designed to command and control multiple UAS, the following functions must be designed in a way that avoids confusion for the UAS Remote Pilot and inadvertent operation:
(i) UAS data displayed in the GCS
(ii) Control for each UAS (iii) All indicators and alerts.
c) Where the UAS is designed for handover between GCS of multiple UAS, the primary GCS control must be clearly identified to UAS crew members.
d) When the system enters ‘avoid’ mode, independently activated by the Detect and Avoid (DAA) function, this mode must be displayed on the GCS.
e) When the system recovers from ‘avoid’ mode, this mode must be deployed in the GCS.
102.170 Basic BVLOS operation.
Operations in low visibility.
a) The UAS must have a strobe light system or anti-collision light system installed that is turned on automatically or manually by the UAS pilot for use in poor visibility conditions. and/or during night operations. The system must be sufficiently visible to persons on the ground or manned aircraft operators (when operating in a non-segregated environment). Note: Night operations are not allowed.
102.172 Basic BVLOS operation.
Technical Design.
Command failure.
a) In case of landing failure (landing outside the planned landing zones, rollover accident, etc.), actions must be taken to guarantee that operational safety (UAS, people, crew, property) is not compromised.
b) The UAS design must be integrated with emergency recovery capability which must consist of:
(i) A flight termination system, procedure or function that allows the UAS Pilot to terminate the flight as soon as possible;
(ii) An emergency recovery procedure that is implemented through the GCS or UAS (including the pre-programmed automatic course of action to reach a predefined landing area); or
(iii) Any combination of (i) and (ii). The emergency recovery capability must remain functional in all flight phases (launch, flight, landing).
102.174 Basic BVLOS operation.
Navigation.
a) The UAS must have a means of determining the position, attitude, speed and heading of the UAS during flight.
102.176 Basic BVLOS operation.
Communication system
a) UAS must include a data link for control and command of the UAS with the following functions:
(i) Transmission of commands from the GCS to the UAS (uplink mode), and
(ii) Transmission of data from the UAS to GCS (Downlink Down Mode). This status data should include, to the appropriate extent, navigation information, response to UAS crew commands, and equipment operating parameters; and
b) There shall be a positive indication in the GCS Ground Control System that the UAS has been paired and full control has been established prior to flight.
c) Where the UAS is designed for UAS exchange between multiple GCS:
(i) Positive control must be maintained during delivery;
(ii) Exchange between two GCS shall not lead to unsafe conditions; and
(iii) The GCS in control must have the required functionality to accommodate emergency situations
Advanced BVLOS OPERATION
102.180 Advanced BVLOS operation
General requirements
a) The Operator must identify possible dangers and demonstrate an acceptable level of operational safety for the DGAC, through one or more of the following methods:
(i) Redundant systems.
(ii) Reliability tests
(iii) Operational procedures
b) The Operator is responsible for ensuring that the maintenance of the UAS is carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, acceptable to the DGAC and that the UAS is maintained in airworthy condition. Maintenance shall include the completion of scheduled and unscheduled inspection and service tasks to ensure the continued airworthiness of the UAS. The operator shall have an evaluation system in place, for example through a reliability program, to support the maintenance of the continued airworthiness of the UAS and to provide continuous analysis of the effectiveness of the maintenance program in use.
c) The Operator must establish procedures for normal operations, and means to deal with failures and emergency conditions provided for in the Flight Manual.
d) The Operator must plan all routes (for normal operations and emergency landings) at a level consistent with safe operations. Considerations shall be made based on the accuracy of the UAS navigation and flight control system or the accuracy of the DAA System, whichever is less accurate.
e) The Operator must identify landing areas for emergency recovery. If feasible, emergency landing areas should be located within the limits of the UAS trajectory and a safe distance from areas with human traffic.
f) The Operator must establish the minimum UAS crew to have a safe operation.
Each UAS crew member shall be fully aware of the following:
(i) Roles and responsibilities of each UAS crew member;
(ii) Operational procedures, including emergency and contingency procedures.
(iii) Details of any additional information, markings or plates.
g) The Operator must use cartographic data and visual air navigation charts, in order to ensure situational alert, detection and prevention of obstacles, and are updated in a timely manner. All mapping data must be accurate to a level sufficient for safe system operations (including fixed ground elements and temporarily erected structures if necessary).
h) The navigation system must be sufficiently precise for operations and acceptable to the user and the DGAC. If necessary, the accuracy of the navigation has to be verified in the operational modes of the UAS, in terms of maximum error from an established waypoint on the ground, altitude and speed. Information on the worst possible navigation accuracy must be provided by the Operator and detailed in the Flight Manual.
i) A flight path deviation alert must be displayed and the appropriate procedure established when excessive deviation from the pre-programmed flight path occurs, to ensure that the UAS crew is able to intervene at any time, to safely control the UAS.
j) For effective fault management that has a direct impact on the navigation capability of the UAS, sufficient indications must be available for the UAS Remote Pilot to execute acceptable control actions.
k) The UAS must be designed to meet the operational safety objective where the probability of a catastrophic failure condition does not exceed 1×10-6 per flight hour.
l) The UAS remote pilot must ensure that there is reasonable control and maneuverability of the UAS under all operating conditions, in a manner that does not compromise the operational safety of the flight. The UAS Remote Pilot shall also ensure that the UAS will remain in a flight condition that does not exhibit any tendency to deviate from controlled flight during the launch and recovery/landing phase.
m) The effect of cyclic loading, meteorological, operational and probable degradation. Subsequent failures of parts should not reduce the integrity of the UAS, in terms of structural integrity and flight-critical functions.
102.185 Advanced BVLOS operation.
Navigation Systems
a) For navigation systems that use an external reference source (such as GPS) as the primary means of ensuring navigation performance, the manufacturer must specify the following information in the Flight Manual:
(i) Accuracy of the navigation sensor (to include both normal and degraded modes);
(ii) Browser susceptibility areas that may result in degraded mode (such as clock synchronization errors, etc.); and
(iii) Any operational procedures that the UAS pilot must perform to compensate for degraded navigation.
102.190 Advanced BVLOS operation.
Communications Systems.
a) For all positions and orientations relative to the signal source within the design envelope, the UAS antenna margin must be consistent to maintain an adequate communication link level between the Control and UAS, quality of service for safe operation. The manufacturer must guarantee advanced BVLOS operation in its operational specifications
102.195. Propulsion Systems
a) The propulsion system must produce, within established limits, the required thrust or force in all required flight conditions, taking into account environmental effects and conditions.
b) The UAS shall be designed to resist asymmetric loading resulting from failure of critical engine(s).
APPENDIX 1. BVLOS OPERATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
This appendix provides guidance on operator roles and responsibilities and workload for UAS minimum crew.
(i) The operator must:
i) Develop the policy and procedures adapted to that operation and size, and designate the UAS pilot for each operation; (ii) Ensure that before conducting an operation, the UAS remote pilot and personnel directly involved in the operations are competent to carry out their tasks, are familiar with the operator’s policy, procedures, and maintain a condition physical and mental that allows the safe operation of the UAS; and
(iii) Conduct the safety risk assessment in the context of the equipment used, the competency of personnel, the types of operations and the environment in which the operations would be carried out.
In establishing the minimum UAS crew sufficient for safe operations, the operator shall consider the following when assigning the workload and roles of each UAS crew member:
(i) flight path control,
(ii) Separation and avoidance of collision with the ground, obstacles or air traffic,
(iii) Navigation,
(iv) Communications,
(v) Operation and supervision of all UAS systems required to continue safe flight and landing
(vi) Non-piloting tasks (payload axis operation)
(vii) Command and decisions
(viii) The accessibility and ease of operation of the necessary controls by the appropriate UAS crew member during all normal and emergency operations emergency when at the UAS crew member’s flight control station.
(ix) The types of operation as approved by the authority
(x) UAS crew required for ground operation.
b) Documentation, the operator will prepare an operations manual that includes:
1) the operational volume and the risk prevention zone on the ground for the planned operations, including the controlled land zone that includes the projections on the land surface of both the operational volume as from the prevention zone;
2) the adequacy of contingency and emergency procedures through one of the following options:
3) specific flight tests;
4) an effective emergency response plan that is appropriate to the operation and includes, at a minimum:
5) a plan intended to limit any escalation of the effects of the emergency situation
6) the conditions for alerting the relevant authorities and organizations;
7) the criteria for recognizing an emergency situation;
8) a clear delimitation of the obligations of UAS unmanned aircraft system pilots, and of personnel in charge of tasks essential for the operation of UAS;
9) define the distribution of functions and responsibilities between the operator and external service providers, if applicable;
APPENDIX A. UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS) TRAINING
Qualification of UAS Remote Pilots.
UAS unmanned aircraft system.
Advanced Operations
(a) For the purposes of section 102.115(b) of this Regulation, a candidate must obtain a minimum of 80% on the “Unmanned Aircraft System UAS – Flight Examiners” exam based on the knowledge requirements for unmanned aircraft system UAS pilots, advanced operations, and covering the following topics;
(1) applicable provisions of the RDAC Regulations;
(2) air traffic regulations and procedures;
(3) airframes, propulsion plants, and UAS systems;
(4) human factors, including UAS remote pilot decision making;
(5) meteorology;
(6) air navigation;
(7) flight operations;
(8) theory of flight;
(9) radiotelephony; and
(10) operations conducted by unmanned aircraft system UAS under Part 102.
(11) conduct a successful Practical Flight Check by performing the following exercises:
1) Describe the site inspection process,
2) Describe the that apply to UAS flight, including missed link procedures and procedures to follow in the event of a remote flight, including who to contact.
3) Describe the method by which an accident or incident should be reported.
4) Successfully carry out pre-flight checks
5) Perform a takeoff
6) Demonstrate the ability to avoid obstacles.
7) Demonstrate the ability to recognize distances; and
8) Make a landing.
Requirements.
a) for the purposes of sections 102.117(a)(2)(iii) of this RDAC, any of the following is considered acceptable as a recurring training activity:
(1) attendance at an operational safety seminar supported by the General Directorate of Civil Aviation;
(2) compliance with a UAS periodic training program designed to update the knowledge of remote UAS pilots, including human factors, environmental factors, route planning, operations near airfields/airports, and applicable regulations, standards and procedures; or
(c) compliance with a personal study program endorsed by the General Directorate of Civil Aviation, which is designed to update the UAS pilot’s knowledge on the topics specified in the previous paragraph.
Instruction Center. Certification (UAS).
The declaration of a UAS training center must include.
(1) the following:
(i) name of training center,
(ii) name of course (if applicable),
(iii) course number (if applicable)
(iv) duration of training (class hours)
(v) location(s) where the training is provided, and
(vi) point of contact responsible for this training course;
(2) confirm that your ground training program is delivered in accordance with the Unmanned Aircraft System UAS Remote Pilot Knowledge Requirements, Advanced Category, Operating Within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) and covers, but does not limited to the following topics:
(i) the applicable provisions of the RDAC Regulations;
(ii) air traffic regulations and procedures,
(iii) airframes, propulsion plants and UAS systems,
(iv) human factors, including UAS remote pilot decision making,
(v) meteorology,
(vi) air navigation,
(vii) flight operations,
(viii) theory of flight,
(ix) radiotelephony, and
(x) operations carried out by a UAS unmanned aircraft system under RDAC 102;
(3) confirm that the course is a minimum of 32 hours of theory, given the amount and depth of knowledge required. The training time required for practical training in skills/experience, home study/previous reading and specific training of the UAS system is a time that is over 32 hours, exclusive of theory.
Driving Practical Flight Check.
Before conducting a Practical Flight Check for the purposes of sections 102.115(c) or 102.117(a)(2)(ii), the person conducting a Practical Flight Check must verify:
(1) the identity of the applicant;
(2) in the case of a Practical Flight Check for the purposes of paragraph 102.115(c), that the candidate has satisfactorily completed the “unmanned aircraft system UAS – Advanced Operations” exam; and
(3) that the candidate has
(i) registered the UAS in accordance with section 102.003 of this RDAC, and
(ii) procedures established in accordance with section 102.043 of this Part,
(4) When performing a Practical Flight Check , the flight examiner must:
I. require the candidate to plan and complete a flight that requires the candidate to apply his or her knowledge of any advanced operations that his or her UAS may perform, including those covered by the manufacturer’s operational specifications as required in section 102.125;
II. stop the Practical Flight Check when an unsafe piloting maneuver, a dangerous flight or a violation of the applicable regulations is shown;
III. refrain from training or demonstrating required exercises;
IV. refrain from intervening unless necessary in the interests of operational safety; and
V. evaluate the applicant’s knowledge and skills to:
A. perform the required exercises identified in this annex in accordance with established UAS procedures,
B. demonstrate good judgment and good flight ability, and
C. correctly apply regulatory knowledge and aeronautical.
5) A UAS training center, certified by the DGAC, may have flight examiners authorized by the DGAC.
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Regulations & Policies
None found by the author.
However, should you, the reader, happen to stumble across something to the contrary, please email the author at FISHE5CA@erau.edu and you may be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS section of this book by way of thanks for contributing to this free eBook!
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) News
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Short Essay Questions
Question 1
You have been hired by a Drone Startup Company. Your boss has immediately assigned this job to you.
They need you to prepare a one-page memo detailing the legalities of using a drone to film marine iguanas in Galapagos, pictured above.
They need you to mention any national laws and local ordinances.
They specifically want to know what airspace (insert pictures) you will be operating in and whether or not you need an airspace authorization.
Does it matter whether or not you are a citizen of the country?
Lastly, there is a bonus for you if, as you scroll through this chapter, you find any typos or broken links!
Question 2
Do you need a certificate to fly UAS?
If so, how do you obtain one?
Are there fees associated with this?
If so, how much?
Question 3
May you operate beyond visual line of sight?
If so, what procedures must you follow?
Question 4
Does the country have UAM/AAM laws? If so, describe, citing the exact law.
Question 5
Are you aware of any new laws or policies not mentioned above? If so, describe, citing the exact law or policy.
