Three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band. The latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8. The coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia. The motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger). The flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection.

Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Google Earth

Composite satellite image of the Pyrenees. Andorra lies about one-third of the way into the range from the east (right). The country is composed primarily of rugged mountains, but these are dissected by three narrow valleys where most of the populace lives.

Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Government

According to Britannica, historically, the coprinces (the French president and the bishop of Urgel) represented Andorra internationally and jointly headed the government through their delegates. The elected members of Andorra’s unicameral legislature, the 28-member General Council of the Valleys, were responsible for internal administration and functioned as both an informal legislature and a cabinet headed by a prime minister. The 1993 constitution, approved by Andorran voters in a referendum, changed this structure and transferred most of the powers of the coprinces to the General Council, which became a true national parliament elected by universal suffrage. Every four years, the General Council elects an Executive Council president who heads the government and who then chooses cabinet members. The government was newly empowered to raise revenues through taxation, to create an independent judiciary, to give citizens the right to form political parties and trade unions, and to control its foreign policy and join international organizations. The coprinces remained the constitutional heads of state, though this role was largely ceremonial. In the early 21st century the main political parties were the centre-right Democrats for Andorra, the Social Democratic Party, and the Lauredian Union.

Ministry of Public Administration, Transport, and Telecommunications

Government of Andorra states that the Ministry of Public Administration, Transport and Telecommunications is in charge of aviation matters.

Airspace

SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange

ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G.

Andorra AIP

Drone Regulations

Unmanned aircraft

Air Navigation Law, of November 9, 2000

Regulation of unmanned, remotely piloted aircraft, of February 24, 2016

Law 15/2003, of December 18, on the protection of personal data.

Decree regulating the personal data file Information on unmanned, remotely piloted aircraft operating in Andorra, of May 3, 2016

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Regulations & Policies

None found by the author.

However, should you, the reader, happen to stumble across something to the contrary, please email the author at FISHE5CA@erau.edu and you may be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS section of this book by way of thanks for contributing to this free eBook!

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) News

None found by the author.

However, should you, the reader, happen to stumble across something to the contrary, please email the author at FISHE5CA@erau.edu and you may be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS section of this book by way of thanks for contributing to this free eBook!

Short Essay Questions