A red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered. The arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle – symbolizing the unity of church and state – surmounted by a crown. The eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left. The breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky. The lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy.

Flag courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Map courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Google Earth

Priganice are fritters or flat doughnuts served with honey, cheese, or jam.

Photo courtesy of the CIA World Factbook

Government

According to Britannica, Montenegro is a parliamentary republic that gained full independence from Serbia in June 2006, following a referendum in May in which just over the required 55 percent of Montenegrins voted to secede from the federation. In 2007 Montenegro’s parliament adopted the country’s first constitution. Montenegro is governed by independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The president is the head of state, elected directly for a period of five years. The unicameral parliament of Montenegro is led by a prime minister. Its judicial branch includes a constitutional court composed of five judges with nine-year terms and a supreme court with justices that have life terms.

Montenegro’s local government has 20 communes that range in size from about 18 to more than 770 square miles (50 to 2,000 square km) and in population from 5,000 to more than 130,000.

Civil / National Aviation Authority (CAA/NAA)

The Government of Montenegro, on 02 July 2009, adopted the Decision establishing the Montenegro Civil Aviation Agency (Official Gazette of Montenegro no. 45/09), and hereby established, the Civil Aviation Agency for the purpose of performing affairs of public interest in the area of civil aviation. Article 5 of the Law on Air Transport (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, no. 30/12) determined legal position of the Civil Aviation Agency of Montenegro, and it laid down that the Agency is an independent legal entity exercising public authorities under the Law, established by the Government of Montenegro, independent in performing affairs from its competence and accountable to the Government for its work. As laid down in the article 13 paragraph 2 of the Law, the Agency prepares annual work report and annual financial statement for the previous year, while it is laid down in the paragraph 2 of the article that the aforementioned reports, including report of the authorized auditor, shall be submitted to the Government of Montenegro by the Agency not after 30 June of the current year for the previous year. The Agency bodies are the Council of the Agency and the Director of the Agency. The Council is the management body of the Agency. President and members of the Council are appointed by the Government of Montenegro for a five-year term, and they are accountable to the Government for their work.

Competence of the Agency is laid down in the article 6 of the Law on Air Transport, which prescribes that the Agency is competent for:

• certification of air operator and operating license,
• certification of aircraft type,
• certification of airworthiness of aircraft,
• certification of airworthiness inspection,
• certification of registration,
• certification of requirements fulfillment by legal entities to maintain aircraft,
• certification of requirements fulfillment by legal entities in charge for professional training of aviation personnel,
• certification and approvals for use of civil aerodrome,
• certification of requirements fulfillment by legal entity in charge for ensuring continuous airworthiness of aircraft,
• licensing and ratings of civil aviation personnel,
• preparing expert grounds for development of programs, plans, bylaws enacted by the Government and state administration body competent for traffic affairs,
• enacting general acts under the Law and acts for the purpose of implementation of the ECAA agreement (Multilateral agreement between the European Community and its member states, the Republic of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia the Republic of Iceland, the Republic of Montenegro, the Kingdom of Norway, Romania, the Republic of Serbia and the United Nations interim administration mission in Kosovo on the establishment of a European common aviation area(European Common Aviation Area Agreement),
• other concluded international agreements, international standards and recommended practices from the area of civil aviation, and particularly standards, procedures and recommended practices of ICAO, ECAC, EASA and EUROCONTROL, with the consent of the Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs,
• enacting acts ordering to take measures because of establishing functional system safety for the purpose of air transport safety protection,
• keeping registers and records under the Law, inspection control over the enforcement of the Law and concluded international agreements,
• continuous control of requirements fulfilled under the Law,
• cooperation with other countries’ authorities competent for civil aviation, and
• performing other affairs under the Law and Agency Statute.

Acts, enacted by the Agency under the Law and acts with the purpose of implementation of the ECAA agreement, other concluded international agreements, international standards and recommended practices from the area of civil aviation, and particularly standards, procedures and recommended practices of ICAO, ECAC, EASA and EUROCONTROL, with the consent of the Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs, shall be published in the “Official Gazette of Montenegro”, as provided in article 6 paragraph 2.

At the same time, it is laid down in the article 6 paragraph 3 of the Law on Air Transport that the Agency is a national supervising authority performing affairs related to determining of fulfillment of requirements for providing air navigation services, issuing certificates to the air navigation service provider, continuous control over air navigation service provision, and control over the air transport management.

Apart from the aforementioned affairs, laid down in the article 6 of the Law on Air Transport, the Agency shall perform other affairs proscribed by the Law, namely: issuing of permissions for flight to foreign civil aircraft for flight in Montenegrin air space, providing approvals for out-of-aerodrome landings and take-offs, approving surfaces for out-of-aerodrome landings and take-offs, providing approvals for holding air shows, providing consent to the air carrier regarding the conclusion of contract on aircraft lease, approving operative manuals, approving minimum equipment list of aircraft, providing consent to the technical documentation for the construction, reconstructing and marking of aerodromes, operative surfaces, and other facilities, providing special approval before the initiation of aerodrome construction works for the purpose of protection of air transport safety and regularity of air transport, issuing the aforementioned consent regarding the construction and installment of aeronautical obstacles outside the aerodrome area (the area with limited construction), that exceed the determined height, approving programs of professional qualification for aviation and other personnel performing works of importance for air transport safety, appointing examination commissions and instructors-examiners from the examiners list, determining examiners list, performing affairs related to aircraft search and rescue and other affairs related to protection of safety and security of civil air transport.

Inspection control over the implementation of Law on Air Transport and regulations enacted according to the Law, as well as concluded international agreements that are binding for Montenegro, under the article 151 of the Law, is performed by the Civil Aviation Agency, under this law and the Law on Inspection Control (“Official Gazette of Montenegro, no 39/03”and “Official Gazette of Montenegro, no. 76/09 and 57/11”).

Internal organization and the way of work and management in the Agency are established immediately after establishment of the Agency, for the purpose of ensuring lawful, professional, efficient and rational performing of affairs and tasks of the public interest for Montenegro in the area of air transport, determined by the Law on Air Transport, concluded international agreements, European Union regulations and rules and standards referring to the safety and security in the air transport.

Airspace

SkyVector – Google Maps – ADS-B Exchange

ICAO countries publish an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This document is divided into three parts: General (GEN), En Route (ENR) and Aerodromes (AD). ENR 1.4 details the types of airspace classes they chose to adopt from classes A through G. SMATSA AIP

Drone Regulations

Drone laws

Safe Drone Operations

Guide for unmanned aircraft systems operator 

List of unmanned aircraft systems operators (updated October 2022)

Template of RPAS Operations Manual

Forms:

Declaration in accordance with Ordinance for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Application for approval of Unmanned Aerial Systems Operations

Application for theoretical exam for Unmanned Aerial System pilot

Application for flight approval of unmanned aircraft or aircraft model within CTR Podgorica/CTR Tivat

Bylaws:

Regulation on conditions for operating unmanned aircraft systems and model aircraft (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” No 11/2016)

Requirements for use of unmanned aircraft systems and aircraft models within CTR Podgorica and CTR Tivat (Revision 2, published on 26 November 2019)

Other:

Agreement on suppression of illegal use of unmanned aircraft systems

Guide for unmanned aircraft systems operator 

Subject

1. This Guide provides a brief overview and explanations of general conditions and flight mode with unmanned aircraft system and aircraft model of operating mass up to and including 20 kg.

2. The Guide is of an informative character and does not release the unmanned aircraft operator from the obligation to comply with all applicable conditions laid down in the Regulation on Conditions for Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Model Aircraft (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 11/16) (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulation”). General conditions for flying of unmanned aircraft

1) Flight of unmanned aircraft may be performed only during the day;

2) The distance between unmanned aircraft and people, animals, facilities, vehicles, vessels, other aircraft, roads, railways, water routes or high voltage cables shall be at least 30 meters;

3) The distance between unmanned aircraft and gathered people shall be at least 150 meters;

4) Flight of unmanned aircraft shall be conducted within the visual range of pilot and at a distance of at most 500 meters from the pilot;

5) Flight of unmanned aircraft shall be performed at the height of at most 150 meters above ground level or sea level; and

6) Flight of unmanned aircraft shall be performed outside the controlled airspace.

3. Categorization of flight operations Flight operations category shall be determined pursuant to the level of risk that their conducting poses to the environment. Depending on the operational mass of unmanned aircraft (aircraft take off mass) and class of flight area, there are 4 categories of flight operations, categories A, B, C and D (see Annex 1 of the Regulation). Example: If the operational mass of the drone is 2.5 kg (class 5 – OM<5kg) and the operations are performed in an inhabited area with constructions or facilities primarily intended for staying, business or recreation (apartment buildings, apartment houses, schools, offices, sport pitches, parks, etc.) (class III of flight area), flight operations of Category A and Category B may be conducted. However, for the performance of flight operations of category B, the drone must have 6 engines, but smaller number of engines is acceptable if the drone is equipped with a parachute (see Annex 4 of the Regulation).

4. Approval for use of radio-frequency spectrum Physical and legal persons may use radio frequencies on the basis of radio frequency approval issued by the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services, if applicable. Certain ranges may be used without the approval of the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services. These ranges and conditions under which they can be used are defined in the Regulation on radio frequencies and the conditions under which such radio-frequencies may be used without approval (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. /14). According to the Radio-Frequency Spectrum Plan (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 32/17) and the mentioned Regulation it is prescribed as follows:

1) The 922.7 – 927.7 MHz range is not allowed for use.

2) The 2,400-2,483 GHz range may be used without the approval of the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services and the emitted power shall not exceed 100mW.

3) The 5,725-5,825 GHz range may be used without the approval of the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services and the emitted power shall not exceed 25mW.

5. Requirements for performance of operations with aircraft model

– Insurance contract: Article 42 of the Law on Compulsory Traffic Insurance (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 44/12) stipulates that the owner or user of the aircraft is obliged to conclude liability insurance contract for damage caused to the third parties by using unmanned aircraft system.

– Marking: An identification fire-resistant plate or placard shall contain:

• Identification mark of unmanned aircraft which for flight operations of Categories A, B and C shall not begin with the capital letter “D”, while for category D an identification mark be issued by the Civil Aviation Agency.
• Name, address and contact information for the operator or owner.

Example: Identification mark: PHANTOM7777

Name: Marko Marković

Address: xxx yyy zzz

Contact: phone number / e-mail address

– Flying in Controlled Airspace: Flying in controlled airspace is conducted in accordance with the Safety Order (No. 2017/001 Rev. 00), which defines the areas where flight operations are restricted and the operator’s obligations during the flight planning and flight operations.

6. Requirements for performance of flight operations with unmanned aircraft systems

Explanatory note:

‒ Establish system for reporting occurrences relevant to aviation safety

– Safety Information No. 2017/002 Rev 00 and Regulation on the Notifying, Analysis and Follow-up of Occurrences in Civil Aviation (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 45/16)

‒ General conditions for unmanned aircraft operations

– With reference to Article 11 paragraph 2 points 6, 7, 8 and 11 an exemption is provided by the Civil Aviation Agency, while for the point 9 an exemption is provided by the competent air traffic service unit.

‒ Marking: An identification fire-resistant plate or placard must contain:

• An identification mark of unmanned aircraft which shall not begin with the capital letter “D”,
• Name, address and contact information of operator or owner.

Example: Identification mark: PHANTOM7777

Name: Marko Marković

Address: xxx yyy zzz

Contact: phone number / e-mail address

‒ Flying in Controlled Airspace: Flying in controlled airspace is conducted in accordance with the Safety Order (No. 2017/001 Rev. 00), which defines the areas where flight operations are restricted and the operator’s obligations during the flight planning and flight operations.

Explanatory note:

‒ Establish system for reporting occurrences relevant to aviation safety

– Safety Information No 2017/002 Rev 00 and Regulation on the Notifying, Analysis and Follow-up of Occurrences in Civil Aviation (Official Gazette of MNE, No 45/16)

‒ General conditions for unmanned aircraft operations

– With reference to Article 11 paragraph 2 points 6, 7, 8 and 11 an exemption is provided by the Civil Aviation Agency, while for the point 9 an exemption is provided by the competent air traffic service unit.

‒ Marking: An identification fire-resistant plate or placard must contain:

• An identification mark of unmanned aircraft which shall not begin with the capital letter “D”.
• Name, address and contact information of operator or owner.

Example: Identification mark: PHANTOM7777

Name: Marko Marković

Address: xxx yyy zzz

Contact: phone number / e-mail address

– The minimum number of engines of multi-copters – 6 (a smaller number of engines is also deemed acceptable provided that a multi-copter is equipped with a parachute)

– Flying in Controlled Airspace: Flying in controlled airspace is performed in accordance with the Safety Order (No. 2017/001 Rev. 00), which defines the areas where flight operations are restricted and the operator’s obligations during the flight planning and flight operations.

Explanatory note:

‒ Establish system for reporting occurrences relevant to aviation safety

– Safety information No 2017/002 Rev 00 and Regulation on the Notifying, Analysis and Follow-up of Occurrences in Civil Aviation (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 45/16)

‒ General conditions for unmanned aircraft operations

– With reference to Article 11 paragraph 2 points 6, 7, 8 and 11 an exemption is provided by the Civil Aviation Agency, while for the point 9 an exemption is provided by the competent air traffic service unit.

‒ Marking: An identification fire-resistant plate or placard must contain:

• An identification mark of unmanned aircraft which shall not begin with the capital letter “D”
• Name, address and contact information of operator or owner.

Example: Identification mark: PHANTOM7777

Name: Marko Marković

Address: xxx yyy zzz

Contact: phone number / e-mail address

‒ The minimum number of engines of multi-copter – 8

‒ Flying in Controlled Airspace: Flying in controlled airspace is performed in accordance with the Safety Order (No. 2017/001 Rev. 00), which defines the areas where flight operations are restricted and the operator’s obligations during the flight planning and flight operations.

‒ Operations Manual – Operator is obliged to develop an Operations Manual whose content will be in accordance with the Article 16 of the Regulation

Explanatory note:

‒ Establish system for reporting occurrences relevant to aviation safety

– Safety Information No. 2017/002 Rev 00 and Regulation on the Notifying, Analysis and Follow-up of Occurrences in Civil Aviation (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 45/16)

‒ General conditions for unmanned aircraft operations

– With reference to Article 11 paragraph 2 points 6, 7, 8 and 11 an exemption is provided by the Civil Aviation Agency, while for the point 9 an exemption is provided by the competent air traffic service unit.

‒ Marking: An identification fire-resistant plate or placard must contain:

• An identification mark of unmanned aircraft issued by the Civil Aviation Agency.
• Name, address and contact information of operator or owner.

Example: Identification mark: XXXXX

Name: Marko Marković Address: xxx yyy zzz

Contact: phone number / e-mail address

‒ The minimum number of engines of multi-copter – 8

‒ Flying in Controlled Airspace: Flying in controlled airspace is performed in accordance with the Safety Order (No. 2017/001 Rev. 00), which defines the areas where flight operations are restricted and the operator’s obligations during the flight planning and flight operations.

‒ Operations manual – Operator is obliged to develop an Operations Manual whose content will be in accordance with the Article 16 of the Regulation.

8. References

You can find below the links that refer to the laws and regulations listed in this Guide, which can be found on the website of the Civil Aviation Agency of Montenegro and in the Official Gazette of Montenegro:

• Law on Air Transport (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 30/12 and 30/17 )
• Law on Compulsory Traffic insurance (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” , No. 44/12)
• Rulebook on method, rules and procedures for flight operations and operational air traffic services (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” , No. 11/16)
• Regulation on requirements for use and classification of airspace (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 52/2017)
• Regulation on reporting, analysis and follow-up of occurrences in civil aviation (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 45/16)
• Safety Information 2017/002 – Reporting, Analysis and Follow-up of Occurrences in Civil Aviation (Revision 0, published in May 25, 2017)
• 2017-001 – Requirements for use of unmanned aircraft systems and aircraft models within CTR Podgorica i CTR Tivat (Revision 0, published in September 5, 2017) Forms:
• Declaration in accordance with Ordinance for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
• Application for approval of Unmanned Aerial Systems Operations
• Application for theoretical exam for Unmanned Aerial System pilot On the website of the Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services and in the Official Gazette of Montenegro you can find the following links:
• Law on Electronic Communications (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 40/13, 56/13 and 02/17)
• Regulation on radio-frequencies and conditions under which they can be used without approval (“Official Gazette of Montenegro” , No. 47/14 and 50/14)
• Radio-frequency spectrum plan (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No 32/17)

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)

Short Essay Questions